{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131435357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.20061","title":"Can You Tell It's AI? Human Perception of Synthetic Voices in Vishing Scenarios","display_name":"Can You Tell It's AI? Human Perception of Synthetic Voices in Vishing Scenarios","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131435357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.20061"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.20061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.20061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.20061","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108859091","display_name":"Zoha Hayat Bhatti","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bhatti, Zoha Hayat","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126710673","display_name":"Bakhtawar Ahtisham","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahtisham, Bakhtawar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092688460","display_name":"Seemal Tausif","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tausif, Seemal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126700076","display_name":"Niklas George","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George, Niklas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002221543","display_name":"Nida ul Habib Bajwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-8042"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bajwa, Nida ul Habib","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102127172","display_name":"Mobin Javed","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javed, Mobin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108859091"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.19840000569820404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.19840000569820404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12268","display_name":"Deception detection and forensic psychology","score":0.14259999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.07660000026226044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paralanguage","display_name":"Paralanguage","score":0.800599992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deception","display_name":"Deception","score":0.6866999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.5327000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clips","display_name":"CLIPS","score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-perception","display_name":"Speech perception","score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disgust","display_name":"Disgust","score":0.3431999981403351}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133378560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753225","display_name":"Paralanguage","level":2,"score":0.800599992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.6866999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6628000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.5327000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4814999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778739407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165372","display_name":"CLIPS","level":2,"score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99209842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643696","display_name":"Speech perception","level":3,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777375102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208351","display_name":"Disgust","level":3,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2365568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844664","display_name":"Uncanny valley","level":3,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129484327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177603","display_name":"Social perception","level":3,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30539005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066689","display_name":"Human communication","level":2,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78821406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391810","display_name":"Think aloud protocol","level":3,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993724205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315","display_name":"Human language","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20766975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390","display_name":"Human voice","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.20061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.20061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.20061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.20061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5580439567565918,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"and":[3,41,67,149,159,217],"commercial":[4],"speech":[5,33],"synthesis":[6],"systems":[7],"now":[8],"enable":[9],"highly":[10],"realistic":[11,38],"AI-generated":[12,32,100,175],"voice":[13],"scams":[14],"(vishing),":[15],"raising":[16],"urgent":[17],"concerns":[18],"about":[19],"deception":[20,219],"at":[21],"scale.":[22],"Yet":[23],"it":[24],"remains":[25],"unclear":[26],"whether":[27],"individuals":[28],"can":[29],"reliably":[30,128],"distinguish":[31,129],"from":[34,131],"human-recorded":[35,109],"voices":[36,133],"in":[37,54,86,205],"scam":[39],"contexts":[40],"what":[42],"perceptual":[43,187],"strategies":[44],"underlie":[45],"their":[46],"judgments.":[47],"We":[48,209],"conducted":[49],"a":[50,87],"controlled":[51],"online":[52],"study":[53],"which":[55],"22":[56],"participants":[57],"evaluated":[58],"16":[59],"vishing-style":[60],"audio":[61],"clips":[62,101,110],"(8":[63],"AI-generated,":[64],"8":[65],"human-recorded)":[66],"classified":[68],"each":[69],"as":[70,104,113],"human":[71,132,169],"or":[72],"AI":[73],"while":[74,106],"reporting":[75],"confidence.":[76],"Participants":[77],"performed":[78],"poorly:":[79],"mean":[80],"accuracy":[81],"was":[82,96],"37.5%,":[83],"below":[84],"chance":[85],"binary":[88],"classification":[89],"task.":[90],"At":[91],"the":[92],"stimulus":[93],"level,":[94],"misclassification":[95],"bidirectional:":[97],"75%":[98],"of":[99,108,141],"were":[102,111,171,178],"majority-labeled":[103,112],"human,":[105],"62.5%":[107],"AI.":[114],"Signal":[115],"Detection":[116],"Theory":[117],"analysis":[118,140],"revealed":[119,145],"near-zero":[120],"discriminability":[121],"(d'":[122],"approx":[123],"0),":[124],"indicating":[125],"inability":[126],"to":[127,183],"synthetic":[130],"rather":[134,189],"than":[135,190],"simple":[136],"response":[137],"bias.":[138],"Qualitative":[139],"315":[142],"coded":[143],"excerpts":[144],"reliance":[146],"on":[147,200],"paralinguistic":[148],"emotional":[150,160],"heuristics,":[151],"including":[152],"pauses,":[153],"filler":[154],"words,":[155],"vocal":[156,201],"variability,":[157],"cadence,":[158],"expressiveness.":[161],"However,":[162],"these":[163],"surface-level":[164],"cues":[165],"traditionally":[166],"associated":[167],"with":[168],"authenticity":[170,197],"frequently":[172],"replicated":[173],"by":[174,181],"samples.":[176],"Misclassifications":[177],"often":[179],"accompanied":[180],"moderate":[182],"high":[184],"confidence,":[185],"suggesting":[186],"miscalibration":[188],"uncertainty.":[191],"Together,":[192],"our":[193],"findings":[194],"demonstrate":[195],"that":[196],"judgments":[198],"based":[199],"heuristics":[202],"are":[203],"unreliable":[204],"contemporary":[206],"vishing":[207],"scenarios.":[208],"discuss":[210],"implications":[211],"for":[212],"security":[213],"interventions,":[214],"user":[215],"education,":[216],"AI-mediated":[218],"mitigation.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-26T06:34:08.959763","created_date":"2026-02-26T00:00:00"}
