{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131126595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.18370","title":"Drawing the LINE: Cryptographic Analysis and Security Improvements for the LINE E2EE Protocol","display_name":"Drawing the LINE: Cryptographic Analysis and Security Improvements for the LINE E2EE Protocol","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131126595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.18370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/98059d5c-207d-49e3-b3f6-88891c83a26e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/98059d5c-207d-49e3-b3f6-88891c83a26e","pdf_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/369607264/DrawingTheLINE_Dowling_GreenAAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dowling, B, Gope, P, U Nisa, M & Wimalasiri, B 2026, 'Drawing the LINE : Cryptographic Analysis and Security Improvements for the LINE E2EE Protocol', IACR Communications in Cryptology, vol. 3, no. 1. < https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.18370 >","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/369607264/DrawingTheLINE_Dowling_GreenAAM.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015282175","display_name":"Benjamin Dowling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3234-6527"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dowling, Benjamin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126621006","display_name":"Prosanta Gope","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gope, Prosanta","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126652728","display_name":"Mehr U Nisa","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nisa, Mehr U","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126630587","display_name":"Bhagya Wimalasiri","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wimalasiri, Bhagya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.850600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.850600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.022099999710917473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.019700000062584877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.7304999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-exchange","display_name":"Key exchange","score":0.6586999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.6225000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.574400007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-primitive","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","score":0.4887000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4564000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.4374000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forward-secrecy","display_name":"Forward secrecy","score":0.4341000020503998}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7475000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.7304999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.6586999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6338000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.6225000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.574400007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.4887000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4564000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.4374000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205009425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935662","display_name":"Forward secrecy","level":4,"score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130881749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586894","display_name":"Security association","level":5,"score":0.4034999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131672422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852594","display_name":"Provable security","level":3,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17886624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320561","display_name":"Key management","level":3,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31139447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380386","display_name":"Enterprise information security architecture","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72648740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658476","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","level":4,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32455479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506053","display_name":"Kerberos","level":3,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9996903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1749235","display_name":"Cryptographic nonce","level":3,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165922616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4241181","display_name":"Strong cryptography","level":3,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114869243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133735","display_name":"Security through obscurity","level":5,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47191418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510462","display_name":"Information-theoretic security","level":3,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165751822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7894118","display_name":"Universal composability","level":4,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173104861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476032","display_name":"Wireless Transport Layer Security","level":5,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154908896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167404","display_name":"Security policy","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777572472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825878","display_name":"Authenticated Key Exchange","level":5,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/98059d5c-207d-49e3-b3f6-88891c83a26e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/98059d5c-207d-49e3-b3f6-88891c83a26e","pdf_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/369607264/DrawingTheLINE_Dowling_GreenAAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dowling, B, Gope, P, U Nisa, M & Wimalasiri, B 2026, 'Drawing the LINE : Cryptographic Analysis and Security Improvements for the LINE E2EE Protocol', IACR Communications in Cryptology, vol. 3, no. 1. < https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.18370 >","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.18370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.18370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.18370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/98059d5c-207d-49e3-b3f6-88891c83a26e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/98059d5c-207d-49e3-b3f6-88891c83a26e","pdf_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/369607264/DrawingTheLINE_Dowling_GreenAAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dowling, B, Gope, P, U Nisa, M & Wimalasiri, B 2026, 'Drawing the LINE : Cryptographic Analysis and Security Improvements for the LINE E2EE Protocol', IACR Communications in Cryptology, vol. 3, no. 1. < https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.18370 >","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5444284677505493,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7131126595.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7131126595.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LINE":[0,46,69,124],"has":[1],"emerged":[2],"as":[3,96],"one":[4],"of":[5,22,44,67,106,122],"the":[6,39,45,63,68,74,104,123],"most":[7],"popular":[8],"communication":[9],"platforms":[10],"in":[11,57],"many":[12],"East":[13],"Asian":[14],"countries,":[15],"including":[16],"Thailand":[17],"and":[18,65,99,110,128,133],"Japan,":[19],"with":[20],"millions":[21],"active":[23],"users.":[24],"Therefore,":[25],"it":[26],"is":[27],"essential":[28],"to":[29,130],"understand":[30],"its":[31,54],"security":[32,42,66,93,112],"guarantees.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"work,":[36],"we":[37,102,117],"present":[38],"first":[40],"provable":[41],"analysis":[43],"version":[47,121],"two":[48],"(LINEv2)":[49],"messaging":[50,70],"protocol,":[51,125],"focusing":[52],"on":[53],"cryptographic":[55,84],"guarantees":[56],"a":[58,80,119],"real-world":[59],"setting.":[60],"We":[61],"capture":[62],"architecture":[64],"protocol":[71],"by":[72],"modifying":[73],"Multi-Stage":[75],"Key":[76],"Exchange":[77],"(MSKE)":[78],"model,":[79],"framework":[81],"for":[82],"analysing":[83,132],"protocols":[85],"under":[86],"adversarial":[87],"conditions.":[88],"While":[89],"LINEv2":[90],"achieves":[91],"basic":[92],"properties":[94],"such":[95],"key":[97],"indistinguishability":[98],"message":[100],"authentication,":[101],"highlight":[103],"lack":[105],"forward":[107],"secrecy":[108],"(FS)":[109],"post-compromise":[111],"(PCS).":[113],"To":[114],"address":[115],"this,":[116],"introduce":[118],"stronger":[120],"introducing":[126],"FS":[127],"PCS":[129],"LINE,":[131],"benchmarking":[134],"our":[135],"results.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-24T00:00:00"}