{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130684291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.17655","title":"What Language is This? Ask Your Tokenizer","display_name":"What Language is This? Ask Your Tokenizer","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130684291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.17655"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.17655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029033876","display_name":"Clara Meister","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3775-4426"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meister, Clara","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126514436","display_name":"Ahmetcan Yavuz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yavuz, Ahmetcan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126489970","display_name":"Pietro Lesci","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lesci, Pietro","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102825308","display_name":"Tiago Pimentel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5159-4641"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pimentel, Tiago","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1980935,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.8772000074386597,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.8772000074386597,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.053199999034404755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-analysis","display_name":"Lexical analysis","score":0.6581000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.5573999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.5148000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5012000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ask-price","display_name":"Ask price","score":0.4837000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.48019999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.46950000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8277999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176982825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835922","display_name":"Lexical analysis","level":2,"score":0.6581000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6236000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6205999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5573999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5148000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5012000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90329073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914232","display_name":"Ask price","level":2,"score":0.4837000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.48019999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.45910000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.4569000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505966","display_name":"Retraining","level":2,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.17655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.17655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.17655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.17655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5399510860443115,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Language":[0],"Identification":[1],"(LID)":[2],"is":[3,87,94],"an":[4],"important":[5],"component":[6],"of":[7,25,101],"many":[8],"multilingual":[9],"natural":[10],"language":[11,27,44,77,115,158],"processing":[12],"pipelines,":[13],"where":[14],"it":[15],"facilitates":[16],"corpus":[17],"curation,":[18],"training":[19],"data":[20],"analysis,":[21],"and":[22,41,51,68,96,108,128,160],"cross-lingual":[23],"evaluation":[24],"large":[26,162],"models.":[28],"Despite":[29],"near-perfect":[30],"performance":[31,135],"on":[32,56,136,164],"high-resource":[33],"languages,":[34],"existing":[35,106,114],"systems":[36],"remain":[37],"brittle":[38],"in":[39,143],"low-resource":[40,144],"closely":[42],"related":[43],"settings.":[45],"We":[46],"introduce":[47],"UniLID,":[48],"a":[49,75],"simple":[50],"efficient":[52],"LID":[53],"method":[54],"based":[55],"the":[57],"UnigramLM":[58],"tokenization":[59,117],"algorithm,":[60],"leveraging":[61],"its":[62],"probabilistic":[63],"framing,":[64],"parameter":[65],"estimation":[66],"technique":[67],"inference":[69],"strategy.":[70],"In":[71],"short,":[72],"to":[73],"predict":[74],"string's":[76],"label,":[78],"we":[79],"simply":[80],"ask:":[81],"under":[82],"which":[83],"language's":[84],"unigram":[85],"distribution":[86],"this":[88],"string":[89],"most":[90],"likely?":[91],"Our":[92],"formulation":[93],"data-":[95],"compute-efficient,":[97],"supports":[98],"incremental":[99],"addition":[100],"new":[102],"languages":[103],"without":[104],"retraining":[105],"models,":[107],"can":[109],"naturally":[110],"be":[111],"integrated":[112],"into":[113],"model":[116],"pipelines.":[118],"Empirical":[119],"evaluations":[120],"against":[121],"widely":[122],"used":[123],"baselines,":[124],"including":[125],"fastText,":[126],"GlotLID":[127],"CLD3,":[129],"show":[130],"that":[131],"UniLID":[132],"achieves":[133],"competitive":[134],"standard":[137],"benchmarks,":[138],"substantially":[139],"improves":[140],"sample":[141],"efficiency":[142],"settings":[145],"--":[146,159],"reaching":[147],"~70%":[148],"accuracy":[149],"with":[150],"as":[151,153],"few":[152],"five":[154],"labeled":[155],"samples":[156],"per":[157],"delivers":[161],"gains":[163],"fine-grained":[165],"dialect":[166],"identification.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-02-21T00:00:00"}
