{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130709886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.16787","title":"Better Think Thrice: Learning to Reason Causally with Double Counterfactual Consistency","display_name":"Better Think Thrice: Learning to Reason Causally with Double Counterfactual Consistency","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130709886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.16787"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126453205","display_name":"Victoria Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin, Victoria","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126496146","display_name":"Xinnuo Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Xinnuo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126480218","display_name":"Rachel Lawrence","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence, Rachel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126477832","display_name":"Risa Ueno","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ueno, Risa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126478691","display_name":"Amit Sharma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharma, Amit","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126487843","display_name":"Javier Gonzalez","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gonzalez, Javier","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009328512","display_name":"Niranjani Prasad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6677-280X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prasad, Niranjani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21640336,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.3246999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.3246999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.18700000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.0731000006198883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.9757999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-conditional","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","score":0.8705999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-reasoning","display_name":"Causal reasoning","score":0.661899983882904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.6101999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causation","display_name":"Causation","score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.4609000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.4374000132083893}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.9757999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71889745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783264","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","level":3,"score":0.8705999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115086926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17004651","display_name":"Causal reasoning","level":3,"score":0.661899983882904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.6101999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5024999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166151441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4923601","display_name":"Causation","level":2,"score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.4609000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4374000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175652121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4379351","display_name":"Causal consistency","level":5,"score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163504300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364925","display_name":"Causal structure","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.16787","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"their":[1,22],"strong":[2],"performance":[3,148],"on":[4,149],"reasoning":[5,24,113,123,150],"benchmarks,":[6],"large":[7],"language":[8],"models":[9],"(LLMs)":[10],"have":[11],"proven":[12],"brittle":[13],"when":[14],"presented":[15],"with":[16],"counterfactual":[17,33,66,87,105],"questions,":[18],"suggesting":[19],"weaknesses":[20],"in":[21],"causal":[23,41,100,102,112],"ability.":[25],"While":[26],"recent":[27],"work":[28],"has":[29],"demonstrated":[30],"that":[31,143],"labeled":[32,86],"tasks":[34,124,151],"can":[35,145],"be":[36],"useful":[37],"benchmarks":[38],"of":[39,56,79,99,115,122,132],"LLMs'":[40],"reasoning,":[42],"producing":[43],"such":[44],"data":[45],"at":[46],"the":[47,52,77,111,130],"scale":[48],"required":[49],"to":[50,81,94],"cover":[51],"vast":[53],"potential":[54],"space":[55],"counterfactuals":[57],"is":[58],"limited.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"work,":[62],"we":[63,109,128],"introduce":[64],"double":[65],"consistency":[67],"(DCC),":[68],"a":[69,91,120,135],"lightweight":[70],"inference-time":[71],"method":[72],"for":[73],"measuring":[74],"and":[75,104,125,141],"guiding":[76],"ability":[78,93],"LLMs":[80,118],"reason":[82],"causally.":[83],"Without":[84],"requiring":[85],"data,":[88],"DCC":[89,133],"verifies":[90],"model's":[92],"execute":[95],"two":[96],"important":[97],"elements":[98],"reasoning:":[101],"intervention":[103],"prediction.":[106],"Using":[107],"DCC,":[108],"evaluate":[110],"abilities":[114],"various":[116],"leading":[117],"across":[119,152],"range":[121],"interventions.":[126],"Moreover,":[127],"demonstrate":[129],"effectiveness":[131],"as":[134],"training-free":[136],"test-time":[137],"rejection":[138],"sampling":[139],"criterion":[140],"show":[142],"it":[144],"directly":[146],"improve":[147],"multiple":[153],"model":[154],"families.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-02-21T00:00:00"}
