{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130551875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.16561","title":"Hidden in Plain Sight: Detecting Illicit Massage Businesses from Mobility Data","display_name":"Hidden in Plain Sight: Detecting Illicit Massage Businesses from Mobility Data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130551875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.16561"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072694507","display_name":"Roya Shomali","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shomali, Roya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126441702","display_name":"Nick Freeman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Freeman, Nick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090424253","display_name":"Greg Bott","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bott, Greg","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018521336","display_name":"Iman Dayarian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9179-1973"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dayarian, Iman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021333287","display_name":"Jason Parton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-1090"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parton, Jason","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072694507"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11350","display_name":"Sex work and related issues","score":0.8949999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11350","display_name":"Sex work and related issues","score":0.8949999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12965","display_name":"Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11548","display_name":"Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies","score":0.007000000216066837,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement","display_name":"Law enforcement","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.41040000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visitor-pattern","display_name":"Visitor pattern","score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-provider","display_name":"Service provider","score":0.38350000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.545799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41040000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48947383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830719","display_name":"Visitor pattern","level":2,"score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777615720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11888847","display_name":"Prioritization","level":2,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165609540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172486","display_name":"Data breach","level":2,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776688068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940223","display_name":"Catchment area","level":3,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777230681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7923820","display_name":"Vetting","level":2,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138744977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5132438","display_name":"Clickstream","level":5,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61980418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2221906","display_name":"Location","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1937518","display_name":"Reservation","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.16561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6162787079811096,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Illicit":[0],"massage":[1,7,185],"businesses":[2,21],"(IMBs)":[3],"masquerade":[4],"as":[5],"legitimate":[6],"parlors":[8],"while":[9],"facilitating":[10],"commercial":[11],"sex":[12,73],"and":[13,34,114,145,162],"human":[14],"trafficking.":[15],"Law":[16],"enforcement":[17],"must":[18],"identify":[19],"these":[20,58],"within":[22],"a":[23,193,201],"dense":[24],"population":[25],"of":[26,38,67,71,184,189],"lawful":[27],"establishments,":[28],"but":[29],"investigative":[30],"resources":[31],"are":[32],"limited":[33],"the":[35,68,76,134,177,181,218],"illicit":[36,191],"status":[37],"each":[39,172],"location":[40],"is":[41],"unknown":[42],"until":[43],"inspection.":[44,198],"Detection":[45],"methods":[46],"based":[47],"on":[48,217],"online":[49,90,235],"reviews":[50],"offer":[51],"some":[52],"insight,":[53],"yet":[54],"operators":[55,238],"can":[56,239],"manipulate":[57],"signals,":[59,91],"leaving":[60],"covert":[61],"establishments":[62,93,123,186],"undetected.":[63],"IMBs":[64],"constitute":[65],"one":[66],"largest":[69],"segments":[70],"indoor":[72],"trafficking":[74],"in":[75,137],"United":[77],"States,":[78],"with":[79],"an":[80,87],"estimated":[81],"9,000":[82],"establishments.":[83],"Mobility":[84],"data":[85,104],"offers":[86],"alternative":[88],"to":[89,132,176,214],"covering":[92],"that":[94,204,237],"avoid":[95],"digital":[96],"visibility":[97],"entirely.":[98],"We":[99,199],"derive":[100],"features":[101],"from":[102],"mobility":[103],"spanning":[105],"temporal":[106],"visitation":[107],"patterns,":[108],"dwell":[109],"times,":[110],"visitor":[111],"catchment":[112],"areas,":[113],"demand":[115,155],"stability.":[116],"Because":[117],"confirmed":[118],"labels":[119],"exist":[120],"only":[121],"for":[122,171,209],"identified":[124],"through":[125],"advertising":[126],"platforms,":[127],"we":[128],"employ":[129],"positive-unlabeled":[130],"learning":[131],"address":[133],"label":[135],"asymmetry":[136],"ground":[138],"truth.":[139],"The":[140,166,221],"model":[141,167],"achieves":[142],"0.97":[143],"AUC":[144],"0.84":[146],"Average":[147],"Precision.":[148],"Four":[149],"operational":[150,222],"signatures":[151,223],"characterize":[152],"high-risk":[153],"establishments:":[154],"consistency,":[156],"evening-concentrated":[157],"visits,":[158],"compressed":[159],"service":[160],"durations,":[161],"locally":[163],"drawn":[164],"clientele.":[165],"produces":[168,205],"risk":[169],"scores":[170,208],"business-week":[173],"observation.":[174],"Aggregating":[175],"business":[178],"level,":[179],"prioritizing":[180],"highest-risk":[182,219],"10%":[183],"captures":[187],"53%":[188],"known":[190],"operations,":[192],"5.3-fold":[194],"improvement":[195],"over":[196],"uninformed":[197],"develop":[200],"decision-support":[202],"system":[203],"calibrated":[206],"prioritization":[207],"law":[210],"enforcement,":[211],"enabling":[212],"investigators":[213],"concentrate":[215],"inspections":[216],"venues.":[220],"may":[224],"resist":[225],"strategic":[226],"manipulation":[227],"because":[228],"they":[229],"reflect":[230],"actual":[231],"operations":[232],"rather":[233],"than":[234],"signals":[236],"control.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-02-20T00:00:00"}