{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130570215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.16523","title":"Reinforcement Learning for Parameterized Quantum State Preparation: A Comparative Study","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning for Parameterized Quantum State Preparation: A Comparative Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130570215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.16523"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075906510","display_name":"Gerhard Stenzel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0280-4911"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stenzel, Gerhard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126440417","display_name":"Isabella Debelic","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debelic, Isabella","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049855435","display_name":"Michael K\u00f6lle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8472-9944"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K\u00f6lle, Michael","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101317595","display_name":"Tobias Rohe","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohe, Tobias","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027573088","display_name":"Leo S\u00fcnkel","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00fcnkel, Leo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081944945","display_name":"Julian Hager","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hager, Julian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126391865","display_name":"Claudia Linnhoff-Popien","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linnhoff-Popien, Claudia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075906510"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9208999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9208999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.016499999910593033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11804","display_name":"Quantum many-body systems","score":0.014999999664723873,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7092999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parameterized-complexity","display_name":"Parameterized complexity","score":0.7024000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5949000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.5824999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-circuit","display_name":"Quantum circuit","score":0.5400999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5117999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controlled-not-gate","display_name":"Controlled NOT gate","score":0.5060999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-gate","display_name":"Quantum gate","score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.42989999055862427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7092999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165464430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570441","display_name":"Parameterized complexity","level":2,"score":0.7024000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5949000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.5824999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124148022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122210","display_name":"Quantum circuit","level":5,"score":0.5400999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5117999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182953411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917713","display_name":"Controlled NOT gate","level":5,"score":0.5060999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58849907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2118982","display_name":"Quantum gate","level":4,"score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.38109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188116033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664563","display_name":"Q-learning","level":3,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779094486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18811578","display_name":"Quantum machine learning","level":4,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186633575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845060","display_name":"Maxima and minima","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67820243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179164","display_name":"Unitary state","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55689738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15963867","display_name":"Discrete time and continuous time","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192353077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4682635","display_name":"Adiabatic quantum computation","level":4,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.16523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,28],"extend":[1,168],"directed":[2],"quantum":[3,17],"circuit":[4,58],"synthesis":[5],"(DQCS)":[6],"with":[7,20,65,97,124,210],"reinforcement":[8],"learning":[9,120,131],"from":[10,100],"purely":[11],"discrete":[12,57],"gate":[13,40],"selection":[14],"to":[15,88,102,163,169,215],"parameterized":[16],"state":[18],"preparation":[19],"continuous":[21],"single-qubit":[22],"rotations":[23],"\\(R_x\\),":[24],"\\(R_y\\),":[25],"and":[26,45,49,59,72,80,91,144,147,152,165,208],"\\(R_z\\).":[27],"compare":[29],"two":[30,87],"training":[31],"regimes:":[32],"a":[33,50,56,125,193,211],"one-stage":[34,201],"agent":[35],"that":[36,53],"jointly":[37],"selects":[38],"the":[39,42,46,62,188,200],"type,":[41],"affected":[43],"qubit(s),":[44],"rotation":[47,63],"angle;":[48],"two-stage":[51,176],"variant":[52],"first":[54],"proposes":[55],"subsequently":[60],"optimizes":[61],"angles":[64],"Adam":[66],"using":[67],"parameter-shift":[68],"gradients.":[69],"Using":[70],"Gymnasium":[71],"PennyLane,":[73],"we":[74,197],"evaluate":[75],"Proximal":[76],"Policy":[77],"Optimization":[78],"(PPO)":[79],"Advantage":[81],"Actor--Critic":[82],"(A2C)":[83],"on":[84,92],"systems":[85],"comprising":[86],"ten":[89],"qubits":[90],"targets":[93,171],"of":[94,128,160],"increasing":[95],"complexity":[96],"\\(\u03bb\\)":[98,159],"ranging":[99],"one":[101],"five.":[103],"Whereas":[104],"A2C":[105],"does":[106,166],"not":[107,167],"learn":[108],"effective":[109],"policies":[110],"in":[111],"this":[112],"setting,":[113],"PPO":[114,202],"succeeds":[115],"under":[116,192],"stable":[117],"hyperparameters":[118],"(one-stage:":[119],"rate":[121,132],"approximately":[122,133,161],"\\(5\\times10^{-4}\\)":[123],"self-fidelity-error":[126],"threshold":[127],"0.01;":[129],"two-stage:":[130],"\\(10^{-4}\\)).":[134],"Both":[135],"approaches":[136],"reliably":[137],"reconstruct":[138],"computational":[139],"basis":[140],"states":[141,149],"(between":[142,150],"83\\%":[143],"99\\%":[145],"success)":[146],"Bell":[148],"61\\%":[151],"77\\%":[153],"success).":[154],"However,":[155],"scalability":[156],"saturates":[157],"for":[158,218],"three":[162,186],"four":[164],"ten-qubit":[170],"even":[172],"at":[173],"\\(\u03bb=2\\).":[174],"The":[175],"method":[177],"offers":[178],"only":[179],"marginal":[180],"accuracy":[181],"gains":[182],"while":[183],"requiring":[184],"around":[185],"times":[187],"runtime.":[189],"For":[190],"practicality":[191],"fixed":[194],"compute":[195],"budget,":[196],"therefore":[198],"recommend":[199],"policy,":[203],"provide":[204],"explicit":[205],"synthesized":[206],"circuits,":[207],"contrast":[209],"classical":[212],"variational":[213],"baseline":[214],"outline":[216],"avenues":[217],"improved":[219],"scalability.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2026-02-20T00:00:00"}
