{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130534570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.16246","title":"Toward Scalable Verifiable Reward: Proxy State-Based Evaluation for Multi-turn Tool-Calling LLM Agents","display_name":"Toward Scalable Verifiable Reward: Proxy State-Based Evaluation for Multi-turn Tool-Calling LLM Agents","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130534570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.16246"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126389304","display_name":"Yun-Shiuan Chuang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chuang, Yun-Shiuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126378516","display_name":"Chaitanya Kulkarni","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kulkarni, Chaitanya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126385450","display_name":"Alec Chiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiu, Alec","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078222652","display_name":"Avinash Thangali","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thangali, Avinash","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126423901","display_name":"Zijie Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan, Zijie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025142153","display_name":"Shivani Shekhar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shekhar, Shivani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126375953","display_name":"Yirou Ge","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ge, Yirou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020534130","display_name":"Yixi Cai Lili lei Lei Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Yixi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121545619","display_name":"Uma Kona","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kona, Uma","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126430974","display_name":"Linsey Pang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pang, Linsey","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126428682","display_name":"Prakhar Mehrotra","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehrotra, Prakhar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126389304"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14074","display_name":"Persona Design and Applications","score":0.13670000433921814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14074","display_name":"Persona Design and Applications","score":0.13670000433921814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.1062999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.10270000249147415,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.809499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7954999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5748000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.5200999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.3626999855041504}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.809499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7954999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5748000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.5200999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78639753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318160","display_name":"Behavioral modeling","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2994000017642975}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.16246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.16246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.46032029390335083}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interactive":[0],"large":[1],"language":[2],"model":[3],"(LLM)":[4],"agents":[5,22],"operating":[6],"via":[7],"multi-turn":[8],"dialogue":[9],"and":[10,28,50,82,86,107,123,127],"multi-step":[11],"tool":[12],"calling":[13],"are":[14,46],"increasingly":[15],"used":[16],"in":[17],"production.":[18],"Benchmarks":[19],"for":[20,182],"these":[21],"must":[23],"both":[24],"reliably":[25],"compare":[26],"models":[27],"yield":[29],"on-policy":[30],"training":[31],"data.":[32],"Prior":[33],"agentic":[34,180],"benchmarks":[35,181],"(e.g.,":[36],"tau-bench,":[37],"tau2-bench,":[38],"AppWorld)":[39],"rely":[40],"on":[41],"fully":[42],"deterministic":[43,68,179],"backends,":[44],"which":[45],"costly":[47],"to":[48,135,178],"build":[49],"iterate.":[51],"We":[52],"propose":[53],"Proxy":[54],"State-Based":[55],"Evaluation,":[56],"an":[57,87],"LLM-driven":[58],"simulation":[59],"framework":[60,152],"that":[61,133],"preserves":[62],"final":[63,80],"state-based":[64,171],"evaluation":[65,172],"without":[66],"a":[67,71,92,174],"database.":[69],"Specifically,":[70],"scenario":[72,112,139],"specifies":[73],"the":[74,97],"user":[75,158],"goal,":[76],"user/system":[77],"facts,":[78],"expected":[79,83],"state,":[81],"agent":[84],"behavior,":[85],"LLM":[88,101,184],"state":[89,95],"tracker":[90],"infers":[91],"structured":[93],"proxy":[94,170],"from":[96],"full":[98],"interaction":[99],"trace.":[100],"judges":[102],"then":[103],"verify":[104],"goal":[105],"completion":[106],"detect":[108],"tool/user":[109],"hallucinations":[110],"against":[111],"constraints.":[113],"Empirically,":[114],"our":[115],"benchmark":[116],"produces":[117],"stable,":[118],"model-differentiating":[119],"rankings":[120],"across":[121],"families":[122],"inference-time":[124],"reasoning":[125],"efforts,":[126],"its":[128],"on-/off-policy":[129],"rollouts":[130],"provide":[131],"supervision":[132],"transfers":[134],"unseen":[136],"scenarios.":[137],"Careful":[138],"specification":[140],"yields":[141],"near-zero":[142],"simulator":[143],"hallucination":[144],"rates":[145],"as":[146],"supported":[147],"by":[148],"ablation":[149],"studies.":[150],"The":[151],"also":[153],"supports":[154],"sensitivity":[155],"analyses":[156],"over":[157],"personas.":[159],"Human-LLM":[160],"judge":[161],"agreement":[162],"exceeds":[163],"90%,":[164],"indicating":[165],"reliable":[166],"automated":[167],"evaluation.":[168],"Overall,":[169],"offers":[173],"practical,":[175],"scalable":[176],"alternative":[177],"industrial":[183],"agents.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-02-20T00:00:00"}