{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130366243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.15378","title":"Making Large Language Models Speak Tulu: Structured Prompting for an Extremely Low-Resource Language","display_name":"Making Large Language Models Speak Tulu: Structured Prompting for an Extremely Low-Resource Language","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130366243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.15378"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.15378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.15378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.15378","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120715227","display_name":"Prathamesh Devadiga","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Devadiga, Prathamesh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123504887","display_name":"Paras Chopra","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chopra, Paras","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120715227"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.16619999706745148,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.16619999706745148,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.15080000460147858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.09700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.6371999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converse","display_name":"Converse","score":0.5888000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5745999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.5694000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5473999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.3093999922275543}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.728600025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6847000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.6371999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776809875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1375963","display_name":"Converse","level":2,"score":0.5888000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5745999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5694000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5580999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5473999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5376999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165297611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43249","display_name":"Morpheme","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779824158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194697","display_name":"Passive voice","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126706616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2944660","display_name":"Lexical item","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.15378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.15378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.15378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.15378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7729049324989319}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Can":[0],"large":[1],"language":[2,25],"models":[3],"converse":[4],"in":[5],"languages":[6],"virtually":[7],"absent":[8],"from":[9,78,117],"their":[10],"training":[11,63],"data?":[12],"We":[13,54],"investigate":[14],"this":[15],"question":[16],"through":[17],"a":[18,23,92],"case":[19],"study":[20],"on":[21,91],"Tulu,":[22],"Dravidian":[24],"with":[26],"over":[27],"2":[28],"million":[29],"speakers":[30],"but":[31],"minimal":[32],"digital":[33],"presence.":[34],"Rather":[35],"than":[36],"fine-tuning":[37],"an":[38],"LLM,":[39],"we":[40],"examine":[41],"whether":[42],"structured":[43],"prompts":[44],"alone":[45],"can":[46],"elicit":[47],"basic":[48],"conversational":[49],"ability":[50],"under":[51],"controlled":[52],"prompting.":[53],"systematically":[55],"tackle":[56],"various":[57],"challenges":[58],"posed":[59],"by":[60,67,109,143],"absence":[61],"of":[62],"data":[64,86],"for":[65],"Tulu":[66],"combining":[68],"explicit":[69],"grammar":[70,139],"documentation,":[71],"negative":[72,130],"constraints":[73,131],"to":[74,119],"suppress":[75],"high-probability":[76],"tokens":[77],"related":[79],"languages,":[80],"romanization":[81],"standardization,":[82],"and":[83,107],"quality-controlled":[84],"synthetic":[85],"generation":[87],"via":[88],"self-play.":[89],"Evaluated":[90],"manually":[93],"curated":[94],"held-out":[95],"set":[96],"across":[97],"three":[98],"LLMs":[99],"(Gemini":[100],"2.0":[101],"Flash,":[102],"GPT-4o,":[103],"Llama":[104],"3.1":[105],"70B)":[106],"validated":[108],"native":[110],"speakers,":[111],"our":[112],"approach":[113],"reduces":[114],"vocabulary":[115],"contamination":[116],"80%":[118],"5%":[120],"while":[121,138],"achieving":[122],"85%":[123],"grammatical":[124],"accuracy.":[125],"Cross-model":[126],"analysis":[127],"reveals":[128],"that":[129],"provide":[132],"consistent":[133],"improvements":[134],"(12--18":[135],"percentage":[136],"points),":[137],"documentation":[140],"effects":[141],"vary":[142],"model":[144],"architecture":[145],"(8--22":[146],"points).":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-19T06:31:58.851227","created_date":"2026-02-19T00:00:00"}
