{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129629893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.14539","title":"When Security Meets Usability: An Empirical Investigation of Post-Quantum Cryptography APIs","display_name":"When Security Meets Usability: An Empirical Investigation of Post-Quantum Cryptography APIs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129629893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.14539"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.14539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048765560","display_name":"Marthin Ferdinan Raja Hasian Lumban Toruan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toruan, Marthin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126200122","display_name":"R. D. N. Shakya","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shakya, R. D. N.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126211026","display_name":"Samuel Tseitkin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tseitkin, Samuel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016060882","display_name":"Raymond K. Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1257-9147"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Raymond K.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126222709","display_name":"Nalin Arachchilage","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arachchilage, Nalin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.16990000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.16990000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.11490000039339066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.11069999635219574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.7843999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.5895000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5831999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminology","display_name":"Terminology","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-programming-interface","display_name":"Application programming interface","score":0.5489000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.35339999198913574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7843999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5895000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5831999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99613125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165194","display_name":"Application programming interface","level":2,"score":0.5489000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.14539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.14539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.14539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.14539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advances":[0],"in":[1],"quantum":[2,43],"computing":[3],"increasingly":[4],"threaten":[5],"the":[6,24,30,124,130,138,155,158,180,196],"security":[7,106],"and":[8,55,64,74,132,167,205],"privacy":[9],"of":[10,32,53,112,123,134,140,154,157],"data":[11],"protected":[12],"by":[13,76,129],"current":[14],"cryptosystems,":[15],"particularly":[16],"those":[17],"relying":[18],"on":[19,47,104],"public-key":[20],"cryptography.":[21],"In":[22],"response,":[23],"international":[25],"cybersecurity":[26],"community":[27],"has":[28,58,143],"prioritized":[29],"implementation":[31,122],"Post-Quantum":[33],"Cryptography":[34],"(PQC),":[35],"a":[36,126],"new":[37],"cryptographic":[38,113],"standard":[39],"designed":[40],"to":[41,66,87,97,118,199,208],"resist":[42],"attacks":[44],"while":[45],"operating":[46],"classical":[48,68,105],"computers.":[49],"The":[50,173,191],"National":[51],"Institute":[52],"Standards":[54],"Technology":[56],"(NIST)":[57],"already":[59],"standardized":[60],"several":[61],"PQC":[62,81,141,159,186,197],"algorithms":[63],"plans":[65],"deprecate":[67],"asymmetric":[69],"schemes,":[70],"such":[71],"as":[72],"RSA":[73],"ECDSA,":[75],"2035.":[77],"Despite":[78],"this":[79,99],"urgency,":[80],"adoption":[82],"remains":[83],"slow,":[84],"often":[85],"due":[86],"limited":[88],"developer":[89],"expertise.":[90],"Application":[91],"Programming":[92],"Interfaces":[93],"(APIs)":[94],"are":[95],"intended":[96],"bridge":[98],"gap,":[100],"yet":[101],"prior":[102],"research":[103,149],"APIs":[107,114,142,166],"demonstrates":[108],"that":[109,178],"poor":[110],"usability":[111,139,156],"can":[115],"lead":[116],"developers":[117,163],"introduce":[119],"vulnerabilities":[120],"during":[121,169],"applications,":[125],"risk":[127],"amplified":[128],"novelty":[131],"complexity":[133],"PQC.":[135],"To":[136],"date,":[137],"not":[144],"been":[145],"systematically":[146],"studied.":[147],"This":[148],"presents":[150],"an":[151],"empirical":[152],"evaluation":[153],"APIs,":[160],"observing":[161],"how":[162],"interact":[164],"with":[165,185,188],"documentation":[168],"software":[170],"development":[171],"tasks.":[172],"study":[174],"identifies":[175],"cognitive":[176],"factors":[177],"influence":[179],"developer's":[181],"performance":[182],"when":[183],"working":[184],"primitives":[187],"minimal":[189],"onboarding.":[190],"findings":[192],"highlight":[193],"opportunities":[194],"across":[195],"ecosystem":[198],"improve":[200],"developer-facing":[201],"guidance,":[202],"terminology":[203],"alignment,":[204],"workflow":[206],"examples":[207],"better":[209],"support":[210],"non-specialists.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-18T00:00:00"}