{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129616461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.13882","title":"NFT Games: an Empirical Look into the Play-to-Earn Model","display_name":"NFT Games: an Empirical Look into the Play-to-Earn Model","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129616461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.13882"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.13882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.13882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.13882","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126184591","display_name":"Yixiao Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gao, Yixiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126208444","display_name":"Fei Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Fei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126242393","display_name":"Ruizhe Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi, Ruizhe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126191934","display_name":"Ruizhi Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Ruizhi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126268835","display_name":"Jean Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Jean","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047240103","display_name":"Bo Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6338-0958"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han, Bo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chen, Songqing","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Songqing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126184591"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.8273000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.8273000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.03370000049471855,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.014399999752640724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.715399980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.5361999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.4871000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/promotion","display_name":"Promotion (chess)","score":0.4668000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.43549999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.715399980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5361999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4871000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98147612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215599","display_name":"Promotion (chess)","level":3,"score":0.4668000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4404999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.43549999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127722929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833714","display_name":"Transaction data","level":3,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2632000148296356}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.13882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.13882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.13882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.13882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"past":[1],"decade":[2],"has":[3,21,81],"witnessed":[4],"the":[5,30,78,105,123,155,175,179,232,249,252],"burgeoning":[6],"and":[7,12,56,67,116,154,165,178,191,199,245],"continuous":[8],"development":[9],"of":[10,32,95,104,107,128,152,157,204,251],"blockchain":[11,125],"its":[13],"applications.":[14],"Besides":[15],"various":[16,133],"cryptocurrencies,":[17],"an":[18,69],"industry":[19],"that":[20,42,142,235],"quickly":[22],"embraced":[23],"this":[24,86,112],"trend":[25],"is":[26,72],"gaming.":[27],"Thanks":[28],"to":[29,37,54,90,99,230],"support":[31],"blockchain,":[33],"games":[34,65,206],"have":[35,210],"started":[36],"incorporate":[38],"non-fungible":[39],"tokens":[40],"(NFTs)":[41],"can":[43,237],"enable":[44],"a":[45,92,101,144,197,211],"new":[46],"gaming":[47],"model,":[48],"play-to-earn":[49],"(P2E),":[50],"which":[51],"incentivizes":[52],"users":[53],"participate":[55],"play.":[57],"While":[58],"recent":[59],"studies":[60],"looked":[61],"at":[62],"several":[63],"NFT":[64,96,119,180,241],"qualitatively":[66],"individually,":[68],"in-depth":[70],"understanding":[71,103],"still":[73],"missing,":[74],"particularly":[75],"on":[76,214,227],"how":[77],"P2E":[79,108],"model":[80],"transformed":[82],"traditional":[83],"games.":[84,242],"In":[85],"work,":[87],"we":[88,114,220],"set":[89],"conduct":[91],"measurement":[93],"study":[94,140],"games,":[97,130,184],"aiming":[98],"gain":[100],"comprehensive":[102],"effectiveness":[106,250],"in":[109,201],"practice.":[110],"For":[111],"purpose,":[113],"collect":[115],"analyze":[117],"relevant":[118],"transaction":[120],"data":[121,134],"from":[122,136,239],"underlying":[124],"(e.g.,":[126],"Ethereum)":[127],"12":[129,205],"supplemented":[131],"with":[132],"scraped":[135],"their":[137,186],"websites.":[138],"Our":[139],"shows":[141],"(1)":[143],"few":[145,193],"top":[146],"wallets":[147,158],"control":[148],"unproportionally":[149],"high":[150],"percentage":[151],"NFTs,":[153],"majority":[156],"own":[159],"only":[160],"one":[161],"or":[162],"two":[163],"NFTs":[164,209],"do":[166,173],"not":[167,189],"actively":[168],"trade;":[169],"(2)":[170],"promotion":[171],"events":[172],"boost":[174],"trade":[176],"amount":[177],"price":[181],"for":[182],"some":[183],"but":[185],"effect":[187],"does":[188],"sustain;":[190],"(3)":[192],"players":[194,200,236],"actually":[195],"earned":[196],"profit,":[198],"9":[202],"out":[203],"who":[207],"traded":[208],"negative":[212],"profit":[213],"average.":[215],"Motivated":[216],"by":[217],"these":[218,240],"findings,":[219],"further":[221],"investigate":[222],"effective":[223],"incentive":[224,254],"mechanisms":[225],"based":[226],"game":[228],"theory":[229],"improve":[231],"trading":[233],"profits":[234],"earn":[238],"Both":[243],"modeling":[244],"simulation":[246],"results":[247],"confirm":[248],"proposed":[253],"mechanism.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T23:56:10.502304","created_date":"2026-02-18T00:00:00"}