{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129536714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.13274","title":"ProMoral-Bench: Evaluating Prompting Strategies for Moral Reasoning and Safety in LLMs","display_name":"ProMoral-Bench: Evaluating Prompting Strategies for Moral Reasoning and Safety in LLMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129536714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.13274"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.13274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126174085","display_name":"Rohan Subramanian Thomas","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas, Rohan Subramanian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125073487","display_name":"Shikhar Shiromani","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiromani, Shikhar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126232802","display_name":"Abdullah Chaudhry","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaudhry, Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126258120","display_name":"R.U.I.Z.H.E. LI","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Ruizhe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102320649","display_name":"Vasu Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4733-3229"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharma, Vasu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126179911","display_name":"Kevin Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu, Kevin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126217480","display_name":"Sunishchal Dev","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dev, Sunishchal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126174085"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.32899999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.32899999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.18369999527931213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.1347000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","score":0.5325999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.41350001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-reasoning","display_name":"Moral reasoning","score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-cognitive-theory-of-morality","display_name":"Social cognitive theory of morality","score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.3075999915599823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5383999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.5325999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.48410001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.41350001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9158031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6909140","display_name":"Moral reasoning","level":2,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3928999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26918590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7550991","display_name":"Social cognitive theory of morality","level":3,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780898871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Performance metric","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.13274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.13274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.13274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.13274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6840253472328186,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prompt":[0],"design":[1],"significantly":[2],"impacts":[3],"the":[4],"moral":[5,98],"competence":[6],"and":[7,22,41,62,79,100],"safety":[8],"alignment":[9],"of":[10],"large":[11],"language":[12],"models":[13],"(LLMs),":[14],"yet":[15],"empirical":[16],"comparisons":[17],"remain":[18],"fragmented":[19],"across":[20,33],"datasets":[21],"models.We":[23],"introduce":[24],"ProMoral-Bench,":[25],"a":[26,58,83,105],"unified":[27],"benchmark":[28],"evaluating":[29],"11":[30],"prompting":[31],"paradigms":[32],"four":[34],"LLM":[35],"families.":[36],"Using":[37],"ETHICS,":[38],"Scruples,":[39],"WildJailbreak,":[40],"our":[42,51],"new":[43],"robustness":[44,81],"test,":[45],"ETHICS-Contrast,":[46],"we":[47],"measure":[48],"performance":[49],"via":[50],"proposed":[52],"Unified":[53],"Moral":[54],"Safety":[55],"Score":[56],"(UMSS),":[57],"metric":[59],"balancing":[60],"accuracy":[61],"safety.":[63],"Our":[64],"results":[65],"show":[66],"that":[67],"compact,":[68],"exemplar-guided":[69],"scaffolds":[70],"outperform":[71],"complex":[72],"multi-stage":[73],"reasoning,":[74],"providing":[75],"higher":[76],"UMSS":[77],"scores":[78],"greater":[80],"at":[82],"lower":[84],"token":[85],"cost.":[86],"While":[87],"multi-turn":[88],"reasoning":[89],"proves":[90],"fragile":[91],"under":[92],"perturbations,":[93],"few-shot":[94],"exemplars":[95],"consistently":[96],"enhance":[97],"stability":[99],"jailbreak":[101],"resistance.":[102],"ProMoral-Bench":[103],"establishes":[104],"standardized":[106],"framework":[107],"for":[108],"principled,":[109],"cost-effective":[110],"prompt":[111],"engineering.":[112]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-02-18T00:00:00"}
