{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128824657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11852","title":"Prototype Transformer: Towards Language Model Architectures Interpretable by Design","display_name":"Prototype Transformer: Towards Language Model Architectures Interpretable by Design","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128824657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11852"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125929036","display_name":"Yordan Yordanov","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yordanov, Yordan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059082503","display_name":"Matteo Forasassi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Forasassi, Matteo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125897170","display_name":"Bayar Menzat","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Menzat, Bayar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100643245","display_name":"Ruizhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2535-9944"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Ruizhi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102026860","display_name":"Qi Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0012-3863"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi, Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125960317","display_name":"Markus Kaltenberger","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaltenberger, Markus","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125935385","display_name":"Amine M'Charrak","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M'Charrak, Amine","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125974809","display_name":"Tommaso Salvatori","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salvatori, Tommaso","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125992197","display_name":"Thomas Lukasiewicz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukasiewicz, Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125929036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.45239999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.45239999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.0803999975323677,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.05829999968409538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.727400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6988000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-model","display_name":"Autoregressive model","score":0.6771000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.645799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4077000021934509}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.727400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6988000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.6771000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.645799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5023999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202269582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2644277","display_name":"Complementarity (molecular biology)","level":2,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41109132766723633,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"state-of-the-art":[1,212],"language":[2],"models":[3],"(LMs)":[4],"surpass":[5],"the":[6,50,69,81,85,94,106,110,124,151,209,216],"vast":[7],"majority":[8],"of":[9,77,118,141,154,211],"humans":[10],"in":[11,21],"certain":[12],"domains,":[13],"their":[14,22,32],"reasoning":[15,34,112],"remains":[16],"largely":[17],"opaque,":[18,37],"undermining":[19],"trust":[20],"output.":[23],"Furthermore,":[24,121],"while":[25],"autoregressive":[26,56,221],"LMs":[27,222],"can":[28],"output":[29],"explicit":[30],"reasoning,":[31],"true":[33],"process":[35],"is":[36],"which":[38],"introduces":[39],"risks":[40],"like":[41],"deception":[42],"and":[43,84,87,113,166,169,175,203],"hallucination.":[44],"In":[45,139],"this":[46,91],"work,":[47],"we":[48,88],"introduce":[49],"Prototype":[51],"Transformer":[52],"(ProtoT)":[53],"--":[54],"an":[55,66],"LM":[57],"architecture":[58],"based":[59],"on":[60,172,185],"prototypes":[61,95,125],"(parameter":[62],"vectors),":[63],"posed":[64],"as":[65],"alternative":[67],"to":[68,93,108,159,182,208,218],"standard":[70],"self-attention-based":[71],"transformers.":[72,157],"ProtoT":[73,144,161,179,214],"works":[74],"by":[75,122,196,224],"means":[76],"two-way":[78],"communication":[79,127],"between":[80],"input":[82,183],"sequence":[83,148],"prototypes,":[86],"show":[89],"that":[90,129],"leads":[92],"automatically":[96],"capturing":[97],"nameable":[98],"concepts":[99],"(e.g.":[100],"\"woman\")":[101],"during":[102],"training.":[103],"They":[104],"provide":[105],"potential":[107],"interpret":[109],"model's":[111],"allow":[114],"for":[115],"targeted":[116],"edits":[117],"its":[119],"behavior.":[120],"design,":[123],"create":[126],"channels":[128],"aggregate":[130],"contextual":[131],"information":[132],"at":[133],"different":[134],"time":[135],"scales,":[136],"aiding":[137],"interpretability.":[138],"terms":[140],"computation":[142],"scalability,":[143],"scales":[145,162],"linearly":[146],"with":[147,164],"length":[149],"vs":[150],"quadratic":[152],"scalability":[153],"SOTA":[155],"self-attention":[156],"Compared":[158],"baselines,":[160,191],"well":[163,171],"model":[165],"data":[167],"size,":[168],"performs":[170],"text":[173],"generation":[174],"downstream":[176],"tasks":[177],"(GLUE).":[178],"exhibits":[180],"robustness":[181,202],"perturbations":[184],"par":[186],"or":[187],"better":[188],"than":[189],"some":[190],"but":[192],"differs":[193],"from":[194],"them":[195],"providing":[197],"interpretable":[198,223],"pathways":[199],"showing":[200],"how":[201],"sensitivity":[204],"arises.":[205],"Reaching":[206],"close":[207],"performance":[210],"architectures,":[213],"paves":[215],"way":[217],"creating":[219],"well-performing":[220],"design.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-02-14T00:00:00"}
