{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128774914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11558","title":"Brain4FMs: A Benchmark of Foundation Models for Electrical Brain Signal","display_name":"Brain4FMs: A Benchmark of Foundation Models for Electrical Brain Signal","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128774914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11558"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125905319","display_name":"Fanqi Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shen, Fanqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076018959","display_name":"Yang Enhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Enhong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101775055","display_name":"Jiahe Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7331-9990"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Jiahe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039770584","display_name":"Junru Hong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong, Junru","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125944475","display_name":"Xiaoran Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan, Xiaoran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125907863","display_name":"Zhizhang Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan, Zhizhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125905320","display_name":"Meng Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125989744","display_name":"Yang Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125905319"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.6757000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.6757000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.2696000039577484,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.011900000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7404000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6220999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.545799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4562999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downstream","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.3783999979496002}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7404000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.66839998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6220999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.545799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5338000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4562999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4348999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","level":2,"score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3783999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993059035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073","display_name":"Brain research","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brain":[0],"Foundation":[1],"Models":[2],"(BFMs)":[3],"are":[4],"transforming":[5],"neuroscience":[6,22],"by":[7,28],"enabling":[8],"scalable":[9],"and":[10,20,35,42,62,94,105,112,135,143,151,155,161],"transferable":[11,162],"learning":[12,91],"from":[13,81,96],"neural":[14],"signals,":[15],"advancing":[16],"both":[17],"clinical":[18,30,111],"diagnostics":[19],"cutting-edge":[21],"exploration.":[23],"Their":[24],"emergence":[25],"is":[26,166],"powered":[27],"large-scale":[29],"recordings,":[31],"particularly":[32],"electroencephalography":[33],"(EEG)":[34],"intracranial":[36],"EEG,":[37],"which":[38],"provide":[39],"rich":[40],"temporal":[41],"spatial":[43],"representations":[44],"of":[45,59,145],"brain":[46],"dynamics.":[47],"However,":[48],"despite":[49],"their":[50],"rapid":[51],"proliferation,":[52],"the":[53,73,82,97],"field":[54],"lacks":[55],"a":[56,63,89],"unified":[57],"understanding":[58],"existing":[60],"methodologies":[61],"standardized":[64,141],"evaluation":[65,125],"framework.":[66],"To":[67],"fill":[68],"this":[69,118],"gap,":[70],"we":[71,85,100,120],"map":[72],"benchmark":[74],"design":[75],"space":[76],"along":[77],"two":[78],"axes:":[79],"(i)":[80],"model":[83],"perspective,":[84,99],"organize":[86],"BFMs":[87,134],"under":[88],"self-supervised":[90],"(SSL)":[92],"taxonomy;":[93],"(ii)":[95],"dataset":[98],"summarize":[101],"common":[102],"downstream":[103,156],"tasks":[104],"curate":[106],"representative":[107,133],"public":[108,137],"datasets":[109],"across":[110],"human-centric":[113],"neurotechnology":[114],"applications.":[115],"Building":[116],"on":[117],"consolidation,":[119],"introduce":[121],"Brain4FMs,":[122],"an":[123],"open":[124],"platform":[126],"with":[127],"plug-and-play":[128],"interfaces":[129],"that":[130],"integrates":[131],"15":[132],"18":[136],"datasets.":[138],"It":[139],"enables":[140],"comparisons":[142],"analysis":[144],"how":[146],"pretraining":[147],"data,":[148],"SSL":[149],"strategies,":[150],"architectures":[152],"affect":[153],"generalization":[154],"performance,":[157],"guiding":[158],"more":[159],"accurate":[160],"BFMs.":[163],"The":[164],"code":[165],"available":[167],"at":[168],"https://anonymous.4open.science/r/Brain4FMs-85B8.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-02-14T00:00:00"}
