{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128790877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11361","title":"Finding the Cracks: Improving LLMs Reasoning with Paraphrastic Probing and Consistency Verification","display_name":"Finding the Cracks: Improving LLMs Reasoning with Paraphrastic Probing and Consistency Verification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128790877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11361"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11361","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125948088","display_name":"Weili Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shi, Weili","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103271367","display_name":"Dongliang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2856-4011"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo, Dongliang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001312304","display_name":"Lehan Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Lehan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125975773","display_name":"Tianlong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Tianlong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125692016","display_name":"Hanzhang Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan, Hanzhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125981040","display_name":"Sheng Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125948088"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.6353999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.6353999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.10130000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.04129999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.6266999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5128999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-reasoning","display_name":"Automated reasoning","score":0.4893999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mainstream","display_name":"Mainstream","score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reasoning-system","display_name":"Reasoning system","score":0.4221999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motivated-reasoning","display_name":"Motivated reasoning","score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-monotonic-logic","display_name":"Non-monotonic logic","score":0.41040000319480896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.63919997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.6266999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5128999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4893999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4496000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89288958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301504","display_name":"Reasoning system","level":2,"score":0.4221999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776325391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6917865","display_name":"Motivated reasoning","level":3,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159032336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488768","display_name":"Non-monotonic logic","level":2,"score":0.41040000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.3971000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97364631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484284","display_name":"Deductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103057564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4751139","display_name":"Analytic reasoning","level":3,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779458634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24963715","display_name":"Debiasing","level":2,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115086926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17004651","display_name":"Causal reasoning","level":3,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36964233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7920942","display_name":"Verbal reasoning","level":3,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20162079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151406","display_name":"Case-based reasoning","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183521366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256422","display_name":"Psychology of reasoning","level":4,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86827895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098582","display_name":"Opportunistic reasoning","level":4,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83725634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268699","display_name":"Qualitative reasoning","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2605000138282776}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11361","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11361","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11361","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"have":[3],"demonstrated":[4],"impressive":[5],"performance":[6,207],"across":[7,185,196],"a":[8],"variety":[9],"of":[10,29,41,112,183,208],"reasoning":[11,46,64,101,117,138,165,188,206],"tasks.":[12],"However,":[13],"their":[14],"problem-solving":[15],"ability":[16],"often":[17],"declines":[18],"on":[19,52,125,193],"more":[20],"complex":[21],"tasks":[22],"due":[23],"to":[24,144,211],"hallucinations":[25],"and":[26,69,83,107,132,161,171],"the":[27,39,45,80,93,104,113,128,133,137,146,151,169,181,205],"accumulation":[28],"errors":[30],"within":[31],"these":[32,186],"intermediate":[33],"steps.":[34,54],"Recent":[35],"work":[36],"has":[37],"introduced":[38],"notion":[40],"critical":[42,60,71,122,148,156],"tokens--tokens":[43],"in":[44,89,136],"process":[47],"that":[48,58],"exert":[49],"significant":[50],"influence":[51],"subsequent":[53],"Prior":[55],"studies":[56],"suggest":[57],"replacing":[59],"tokens":[61,72,123,157],"can":[62],"refine":[63],"trajectories.":[65],"Nonetheless,":[66],"reliably":[67],"identifying":[68],"exploiting":[70],"remains":[73],"challenging.":[74],"To":[75],"address":[76],"this,":[77],"we":[78,96,120,154],"propose":[79],"Paraphrastic":[81],"Probing":[82],"Consistency":[84],"Verification~(PPCV)":[85],"framework.":[86],"PPCV":[87,192,202],"operates":[88],"two":[90],"stages.":[91],"In":[92,150],"first":[94],"stage,":[95,153],"roll":[97,162],"out":[98,163],"an":[99],"initial":[100],"path":[102],"from":[103],"original":[105,170],"question":[106,114],"then":[108],"concatenate":[109],"paraphrased":[110,172],"versions":[111],"with":[115,158],"this":[116],"path.":[118,139],"And":[119],"identify":[121],"based":[124],"mismatches":[126],"between":[127],"predicted":[129],"top-1":[130],"token":[131,135],"expected":[134],"A":[140],"criterion":[141],"is":[142,177],"employed":[143],"confirm":[145],"final":[147,175],"token.":[149],"second":[152],"substitute":[155],"candidate":[159],"alternatives":[160],"new":[164],"paths":[166],"for":[167],"both":[168],"questions.":[173],"The":[174],"answer":[176],"determined":[178],"by":[179],"checking":[180],"consistency":[182],"outputs":[184],"parallel":[187],"processes.":[189],"We":[190],"evaluate":[191],"mainstream":[194],"LLMs":[195,209],"multiple":[197],"benchmarks.":[198],"Extensive":[199],"experiments":[200],"demonstrate":[201],"substantially":[203],"enhances":[204],"compared":[210],"baselines.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-02-14T00:00:00"}
