{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128718810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11128","title":"Asymmetric Prompt Weighting for Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards","display_name":"Asymmetric Prompt Weighting for Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128718810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11128"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003606899","display_name":"Reinhard Heckel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2874-2984"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heckel, Reinhard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125717948","display_name":"Mahdi Soltanolkotabi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soltanolkotabi, Mahdi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064783328","display_name":"Christos Thramboulidis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thramboulidis, Christos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16919997,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.8651999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.8651999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.012600000016391277,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.012400000356137753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.8198999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.8094000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8022000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5293999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.33079999685287476}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.8198999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.8094000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8022000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6960999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5293999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.44620001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4348999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70136482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13583781","display_name":"A-weighting","level":3,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reinforcement":[0],"learning":[1],"with":[2,54,61,82],"verifiable":[3],"rewards":[4],"has":[5],"driven":[6],"recent":[7],"advances":[8],"in":[9,12,100,112],"LLM":[10],"post-training,":[11],"particular":[13],"for":[14,24],"reasoning.":[15],"Policy":[16],"optimization":[17],"algorithms":[18,42],"generate":[19],"a":[20,25,105,145,149],"number":[21],"of":[22],"responses":[23,158],"given":[26],"prompt":[27,74,129],"and":[28,46,64,109,161,174],"then":[29],"effectively":[30],"weight":[31],"the":[32,37,116,133],"corresponding":[33],"gradients":[34,60],"depending":[35],"on":[36,49],"rewards.":[38],"The":[39],"most":[40],"popular":[41],"including":[43],"GRPO,":[44],"DAPO,":[45],"RLOO":[47],"focus":[48],"ambiguous":[50],"prompts,":[51],"i.e.,":[52],"prompts":[53,81],"intermediate":[55],"success":[56,88,138,172],"probability,":[57],"while":[58],"downgrading":[59],"very":[62,65],"easy":[63],"hard":[66],"prompts.":[67],"In":[68,153],"this":[69],"paper,":[70],"we":[71],"consider":[72],"asymmetric":[73,93],"weightings":[75],"that":[76,92,127],"assign":[77],"higher":[78],"weights":[79,130,167],"to":[80,136,144],"low,":[83],"or":[84],"even":[85],"zero,":[86],"empirical":[87],"probability.":[89],"We":[90,123],"find":[91],"weighting":[94],"particularly":[95],"benefits":[96],"from-scratch":[97],"RL":[98,114],"(as":[99],"R1-Zero),":[101],"where":[102,115,156],"training":[103],"traverses":[104],"wide":[106],"accuracy":[107,147],"range,":[108],"less":[110],"so":[111],"post-SFT":[113],"model":[117],"already":[118],"starts":[119],"at":[120],"high":[121],"accuracy.":[122],"also":[124],"provide":[125],"theory":[126],"characterizes":[128],"which":[131],"minimize":[132],"time":[134],"needed":[135],"raise":[137],"probability":[139],"from":[140],"an":[141],"initial":[142],"level":[143],"target":[146],"under":[148],"fixed":[150],"update":[151],"budget.":[152],"low-success":[154],"regimes,":[155],"informative":[157],"are":[159],"rare":[160],"response":[162],"cost":[163],"dominates,":[164],"these":[165],"optimal":[166],"become":[168],"asymmetric,":[169],"upweighting":[170],"low":[171],"probabilities":[173],"thereby":[175],"accelerating":[176],"effective-time":[177],"convergence.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-02-13T00:00:00"}
