{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128731075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.10985","title":"DFIC: Towards a balanced facial image dataset for automatic ICAO compliance verification","display_name":"DFIC: Towards a balanced facial image dataset for automatic ICAO compliance verification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128731075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.10985"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.10985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060785558","display_name":"Nuno Gon\u00e7alves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1854-049X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gon\u00e7alves, Nuno","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110831052","display_name":"Diogo Nunes","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nunes, Diogo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125737110","display_name":"Carla Guerra","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guerra, Carla","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041965048","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Marcos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8288-9509"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcos, Jo\u00e3o","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.5102999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.5102999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.14100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.061000000685453415,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.6967999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6162999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.3109000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.6967999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6305999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6162999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5236999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.10985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.10985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.10985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.10985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensuring":[0],"compliance":[1,96,119,132,193],"with":[2,82,126],"ISO/IEC":[3],"and":[4,48,121,147,163,172,212],"ICAO":[5,95,118,131,192],"standards":[6],"for":[7,17,113,144],"facial":[8,40,215],"images":[9,47],"in":[10,28,64,201],"machine-readable":[11],"travel":[12],"documents":[13],"(MRTDs)":[14],"is":[15,86,139],"essential":[16],"reliable":[18],"identity":[19],"verification,":[20,133],"but":[21,195],"current":[22],"manual":[23],"inspection":[24],"methods":[25,194],"are":[26],"inefficient":[27],"high-demand":[29],"environments.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32],"introduces":[33],"the":[34,78,91,114,127,145,166,179,185,209],"DFIC":[35,137,188],"dataset,":[36],"a":[37,58,72,103],"novel":[38,104],"comprehensive":[39],"image":[41],"dataset":[42,70,138],"comprising":[43],"around":[44],"58,000":[45],"annotated":[46],"2706":[49],"videos":[50],"of":[51,61,93,117,149,156,170,187,214],"more":[52,73],"than":[53,77],"1000":[54],"subjects,":[55],"that":[56,85,106,158,174,205],"cover":[57],"broad":[59],"range":[60],"non-compliant":[62],"conditions,":[63],"addition":[65],"to":[66,165,178,189,207],"compliant":[67],"portraits.":[68],"Our":[69],"provides":[71],"balanced":[74],"demographic":[75],"distribution":[76],"existing":[79],"public":[80,142],"datasets,":[81],"one":[83],"partition":[84],"nearly":[87],"uniformly":[88],"distributed,":[89],"facilitating":[90],"development":[92],"automated":[94,191],"verification":[97],"methods.":[98],"Using":[99],"DFIC,":[100],"we":[101,122],"fine-tuned":[102],"method":[105],"heavily":[107],"relies":[108],"on":[109],"spatial":[110],"attention":[111],"mechanisms":[112],"automatic":[115],"validation":[116,148,180],"requirements,":[120],"have":[123],"compared":[124],"it":[125,196],"state-of-the-art":[128],"aimed":[129],"at":[130],"demonstrating":[134],"improved":[135],"results.":[136],"now":[140],"made":[141],"(https://github.com/visteam-isr-uc/DFIC)":[143],"training":[146],"new":[150],"models,":[151],"offering":[152],"an":[153],"unprecedented":[154],"diversity":[155],"faces,":[157],"will":[159],"improve":[160,208],"both":[161],"robustness":[162],"adaptability":[164],"intrinsically":[167],"diverse":[168],"combinations":[169],"faces":[171],"props":[173],"can":[175,197],"be":[176,199],"presented":[177],"system.":[181],"These":[182],"results":[183],"emphasize":[184],"potential":[186],"enhance":[190],"also":[198],"used":[200],"many":[202],"other":[203],"applications":[204],"aim":[206],"security,":[210],"privacy,":[211],"fairness":[213],"recognition":[216],"systems.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-13T00:00:00"}
