{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128681605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.10524","title":"Characterization and Computation of Normal-Form Proper Equilibria in Extensive-Form Games via the Sequence-Form Representation","display_name":"Characterization and Computation of Normal-Form Proper Equilibria in Extensive-Form Games via the Sequence-Form Representation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128681605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.10524"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.10524","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125737664","display_name":"Yuqing Hou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hou, Yuqing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081712759","display_name":"Yiyin Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3481-8930"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cao, Yiyin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125689278","display_name":"Chuangyin Dang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dang, Chuangyin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1464553,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.9194999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.9194999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10545","display_name":"Optimization and Variational Analysis","score":0.012600000016391277,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation-theorem","display_name":"Representation theorem","score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logarithm","display_name":"Logarithm","score":0.47850000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-game","display_name":"Stochastic game","score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differentiable-function","display_name":"Differentiable function","score":0.47450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","score":0.42879998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nash-equilibrium","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.41040000319480896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5807999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776230367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7314222","display_name":"Representation theorem","level":2,"score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39927690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197","display_name":"Logarithm","level":2,"score":0.47850000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22171661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074380","display_name":"Stochastic game","level":2,"score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.47450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.42879998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.41040000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146930158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656416","display_name":"Extensive-form game","level":4,"score":0.4068000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.35989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201364048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2897085","display_name":"Sequential equilibrium","level":5,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778701210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28130034","display_name":"Constructive","level":3,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123650614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282491","display_name":"Strategic dominance","level":2,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745","display_name":"Realization (probability)","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164407509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5384490","display_name":"Equilibrium selection","level":4,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88959737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1546627","display_name":"Strategy","level":3,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191795146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177918212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803623","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777742833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964083","display_name":"Reciprocal","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163630976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964667","display_name":"Correlated equilibrium","level":5,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42747912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048447","display_name":"Multiplicative function","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.10524","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.10524","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.10524","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.10524","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Normal-form":[0],"proper":[1,56,68,86,126,174],"equilibrium,":[2,12],"introduced":[3],"by":[4,70,100,158],"Myerson":[5],"as":[6,180],"a":[7,14,65,102,153,172],"refinement":[8],"of":[9,21,37,46,54,104,152,176,195],"normal-form":[10,39,55,85,125,173],"perfect":[11],"occupies":[13],"distinctive":[15],"position":[16],"in":[17],"the":[18,31,35,38,44,51,72,84,150,177,181,191,196],"equilibrium":[19,69,87,155,175],"analysis":[20],"extensive-form":[22],"games":[23,106,134],"because":[24],"its":[25],"more":[26],"stringent":[27],"perturbation":[28],"structure":[29],"entails":[30],"sequential":[32],"rationality.":[33],"However,":[34],"size":[36],"representation":[40,99],"grows":[41],"exponentially":[42],"with":[43,83],"number":[45],"parallel":[47],"information":[48],"sets,":[49],"making":[50],"direct":[52],"determination":[53],"equilibria":[57],"intractable.":[58],"To":[59,91],"address":[60],"this":[61,115],"challenge,":[62],"we":[63,78,94,117],"develop":[64],"compact":[66],"sequence-form":[67,133],"redefining":[71],"expected":[73,136],"payoffs":[74],"over":[75,111],"sequences,":[76],"and":[77,169,193],"prove":[79,149],"that":[80],"it":[81],"coincides":[82],"via":[88],"strategic":[89],"equivalence.":[90],"facilitate":[92],"computation,":[93],"further":[95],"introduce":[96,118],"an":[97,109,145,164],"alternative":[98],"defining":[101],"class":[103],"perturbed":[105],"based":[107],"on":[108,114,131],"$\\varepsilon$-permutahedron":[110],"sequences.":[112],"Building":[113],"representation,":[116],"two":[119],"differentiable":[120],"path-following":[121],"methods":[122,129],"for":[123],"computing":[124],"equilibria.":[127],"These":[128],"rely":[130],"artificial":[132,160],"whose":[135],"payoff":[137],"functions":[138],"incorporate":[139],"logarithmic":[140],"or":[141],"entropy":[142],"regularization":[143],"through":[144],"auxiliary":[146,182],"variable.":[147],"We":[148],"existence":[151],"smooth":[154],"path":[156],"induced":[157],"each":[159],"game,":[161],"starting":[162],"from":[163],"arbitrary":[165],"positive":[166],"realization":[167],"plan":[168],"converging":[170],"to":[171],"original":[178],"game":[179],"variable":[183],"approaches":[184],"zero.":[185],"Finally,":[186],"our":[187],"experimental":[188],"results":[189],"demonstrate":[190],"effectiveness":[192],"efficiency":[194],"proposed":[197],"methods.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-02-13T00:00:00"}
