{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128632855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.09992","title":"A Unified Assessment of the Poverty of the Stimulus Argument for Neural Language Models","display_name":"A Unified Assessment of the Poverty of the Stimulus Argument for Neural Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128632855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.09992"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.09992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101052166","display_name":"Xiulin Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Xiulin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123700153","display_name":"Arianna Bisazza","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bisazza, Arianna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125682866","display_name":"Nathan Schneider","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schneider, Nathan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011708753","display_name":"Ethan Wilcox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5128-9890"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wilcox, Ethan Gotlieb","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15406796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.4472000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.4472000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.2705000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.05290000140666962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.5066999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.41850000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-competence","display_name":"Linguistic competence","score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.3068999946117401}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.5066999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.41850000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17601614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1346205","display_name":"Linguistic competence","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21563000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484511","display_name":"Inductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197352929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074074","display_name":"Inductive bias","level":4,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018514133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1473723","display_name":"Stimulus generalization","level":3,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89267518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179488","display_name":"Psycholinguistics","level":3,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993724205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315","display_name":"Human language","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.09992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.09992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.09992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.09992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.7970148921012878,"display_name":"No poverty"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"can":[1],"children":[2,21],"acquire":[3],"native-level":[4],"syntax":[5,161],"from":[6],"limited":[7],"input?":[8],"According":[9],"to":[10,25,42,77,167],"the":[11,14,18,84,87,157,163],"Poverty":[12],"of":[13,61,86,96,103,127],"Stimulus":[15],"Hypothesis":[16],"(PoSH),":[17],"linguistic":[19,34],"input":[20],"receive":[22],"is":[23,162],"insufficient":[24],"explain":[26,43],"certain":[27],"generalizations":[28,122],"that":[29,159,171],"are":[30,39,123],"robustly":[31],"learned;":[32],"innate":[33,160],"constraints,":[35],"many":[36],"have":[37],"argued,":[38],"thus":[40],"necessary":[41],"language":[44,47],"learning.":[45],"Neural":[46],"models,":[48],"which":[49],"lack":[50],"such":[51],"language-specific":[52],"constraints":[53],"in":[54],"their":[55,121],"design,":[56],"offer":[57],"a":[58,70],"computational":[59],"test":[60],"this":[62],"longstanding":[63],"(but":[64],"controversial)":[65],"claim.":[66],"We":[67,129,142],"introduce":[68],"\\poshbench,":[69],"training-and-evaluation":[71],"suite":[72],"targeting":[73],"question":[74],"formation,":[75],"islands":[76],"movement,":[78],"and":[79,120],"other":[80],"English":[81],"phenomena":[82,107],"at":[83],"center":[85],"PoSH":[88],"arguments.":[89],"Training":[90],"Transformer":[91],"models":[92,116,133],"on":[93,105],"10--50M":[94],"words":[95],"developmentally":[97],"plausible":[98],"text,":[99],"we":[100],"find":[101,143],"indications":[102],"generalization":[104],"all":[106],"even":[108],"without":[109],"direct":[110],"positive":[111],"evidence":[112],"--":[113],"yet":[114],"neural":[115],"remain":[117],"less":[118],"data-efficient":[119],"weaker":[124],"than":[125],"those":[126,179],"children.":[128],"further":[130],"enhance":[131],"our":[132],"with":[134],"three":[135],"recently":[136],"proposed":[137],"cognitively":[138],"motivated":[139],"inductive":[140,176],"biases.":[141],"these":[144],"biases":[145,177],"improve":[146],"general":[147],"syntactic":[148],"competence":[149],"but":[150],"not":[151],"\\poshbench":[152],"performance.":[153],"Our":[154],"findings":[155],"challenge":[156],"claim":[158],"only":[164],"possible":[165],"route":[166],"generalization,":[168],"while":[169],"suggesting":[170],"human-like":[172],"data":[173],"efficiency":[174],"requires":[175],"beyond":[178],"tested":[180],"here.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-02-12T00:00:00"}