{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128619504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.09784","title":"Circuit Fingerprints: How Answer Tokens Encode Their Geometrical Path","display_name":"Circuit Fingerprints: How Answer Tokens Encode Their Geometrical Path","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128619504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.09784"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.09784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116697947","display_name":"Andres Saurez","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saurez, Andres","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089147507","display_name":"Neha Sengar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-7062"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sengar, Neha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005393869","display_name":"Dongsoo Har","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6949-1739"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Har, Dongsoo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.21439999341964722,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.21439999341964722,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.12460000067949295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.07129999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7688999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encode","display_name":"ENCODE","score":0.7563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controllability","display_name":"Controllability","score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.3792000114917755}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7688999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.7563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6517000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48209547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331104","display_name":"Controllability","level":2,"score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q554403","display_name":"Duality (order theory)","level":2,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32946077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618079","display_name":"Network analysis","level":2,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190560348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3245116","display_name":"Circuit design","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2603999972343445}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.09784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.09784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.09784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.09784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7614586353302002,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Circuit":[0,51],"discovery":[1,56,88],"and":[2,135],"activation":[3],"steering":[4,104],"in":[5,41],"transformers":[6],"have":[7],"developed":[8],"as":[9],"separate":[10],"research":[11],"threads,":[12],"yet":[13],"both":[14],"operate":[15],"on":[16,76],"the":[17,26,44,141],"same":[18,27,95,142],"representational":[19],"space.":[20],"Are":[21],"they":[22,32],"two":[23,138],"views":[24],"of":[25,140],"underlying":[28],"structure?":[29],"We":[30,73],"show":[31],"follow":[33],"a":[34],"single":[35],"geometric":[36,70,132],"principle:":[37],"answer":[38],"tokens,":[39],"processed":[40],"isolation,":[42],"encode":[43],"directions":[45,96],"that":[46,97,127],"would":[47],"produce":[48],"them.":[49],"This":[50],"Fingerprint":[52],"hypothesis":[53],"enables":[54],"circuit":[55,87,99],"without":[57],"gradients":[58],"or":[59],"causal":[60],"intervention":[61],"--":[62,105],"recovering":[63],"comparable":[64,90],"structure":[65],"to":[66,91],"gradient-based":[67,92],"methods":[68],"through":[69],"alignment":[71],"alone.":[72],"validate":[74],"this":[75,123],"standard":[77],"benchmarks":[78],"(IOI,":[79],"SVA,":[80],"MCQA)":[81],"across":[82],"four":[83],"model":[84],"families,":[85],"achieving":[86,106],"performance":[89],"methods.":[93],"The":[94],"identify":[98],"components":[100],"also":[101],"enable":[102],"controlled":[103],"69.8\\%":[107],"emotion":[108],"classification":[109],"accuracy":[110],"versus":[111],"53.1\\%":[112],"for":[113],"instruction":[114],"prompting":[115],"while":[116],"preserving":[117],"factual":[118],"accuracy.":[119],"Beyond":[120],"method":[121],"development,":[122],"read-write":[124],"duality":[125],"reveals":[126],"transformer":[128],"circuits":[129],"are":[130,137],"fundamentally":[131],"structures:":[133],"interpretability":[134],"controllability":[136],"facets":[139],"object.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-12T00:00:00"}