{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128513312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.08798","title":"CryptoGen: Secure Transformer Generation with Encrypted KV-Cache Reuse","display_name":"CryptoGen: Secure Transformer Generation with Encrypted KV-Cache Reuse","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128513312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.08798"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.08798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.08798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.08798","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125546780","display_name":"Hedong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Hedong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116167247","display_name":"Neusha Javidnia","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javidnia, Neusha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125481058","display_name":"Shweta Pardeshi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pardeshi, Shweta","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125493763","display_name":"Qian Lou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lou, Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125503183","display_name":"Farinaz Koushanfar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koushanfar, Farinaz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125546780"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.5336999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.5336999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.07100000232458115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.06970000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6646999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciphertext","display_name":"Ciphertext","score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptosystem","display_name":"Cryptosystem","score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plaintext","display_name":"Plaintext","score":0.373199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-generation","display_name":"Key generation","score":0.3659000098705292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8083000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6646999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6295992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q976521","display_name":"Cryptosystem","level":3,"score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.373199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.3659000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94520183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190746","display_name":"Advanced Encryption Standard","level":3,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.08798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.08798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.08798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.08798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6641732454299927}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"widespread":[1],"deployment":[2],"of":[3,19,94,172],"cloud-hosted":[4],"generative":[5,158],"models":[6,160],"raises":[7],"a":[8,34,131],"fundamental":[9],"challenge:":[10],"enabling":[11],"efficient":[12,149],"autoregressive":[13,43,88],"generation":[14,67],"while":[15,187],"preserving":[16],"the":[17,46,59,92],"privacy":[18],"both":[20,52,124],"user":[21],"prompts":[22],"and":[23,45,54,82,108,119,126,145,148,152,165,191],"model":[24],"parameters":[25],"in":[26,33],"untrusted":[27,39],"environments.":[28],"We":[29,56],"address":[30],"this":[31],"challenge":[32],"client-server":[35],"setting":[36],"where":[37],"an":[38,42,204],"server":[40],"hosts":[41],"Transformer":[44,159],"client":[47],"requires":[48],"cryptographic":[49],"protection":[50],"for":[51,139,169,197],"inputs":[53],"inference.":[55],"present":[57],"CryptoGen,":[58],"first":[60],"system":[61],"to":[62,87,91,122],"enable":[63],"scalable":[64],"privacy-preserving":[65],"neural":[66],"with":[68,194],"persistent":[69],"encrypted":[70,96,110,133],"key-value":[71],"(KV)":[72],"cache":[73],"reuse.":[74],"Discriminative-task":[75],"secure":[76,184],"inference":[77,185],"systems":[78],"incur":[79],"quadratic":[80],"latency":[81,180,190],"memory":[83,192],"growth":[84],"when":[85],"adapted":[86],"decoding":[89],"due":[90],"lack":[93],"native":[95],"KV-cache":[97,134],"support.":[98],"In":[99],"contrast,":[100],"CryptoGen":[101,115,175,200],"achieves":[102,176],"near-linear":[103,189],"scaling":[104],"by":[105],"securely":[106],"reusing":[107],"updating":[109],"KV":[111],"caches":[112],"throughout":[113],"generation.":[114,127],"integrates":[116],"homomorphic":[117],"encryption":[118],"secret":[120],"sharing":[121],"support":[123],"prefilling":[125],"Key":[128],"techniques":[129],"include":[130],"unified":[132],"framework,":[135],"heterogeneous":[136],"SIMD":[137],"encodings":[138],"different":[140],"phases,":[141],"optimized":[142],"cipher-cipher":[143],"matrix-matrix":[144],"matrix-vector":[146],"operations,":[147],"noise":[150],"refresh":[151],"ciphertext":[153],"concatenation":[154],"mechanisms.":[155],"Evaluation":[156],"on":[157,162],"trained":[161],"WikiText-2,":[163],"PTB,":[164],"LAMBADA":[166],"shows":[167],"that":[168],"input":[170],"lengths":[171],"128-512":[173],"tokens,":[174],"4.4x-7.6x":[177],"lower":[178],"per-token":[179],"than":[181],"state-of-the-art":[182],"discriminative":[183],"systems,":[186],"maintaining":[188],"scaling,":[193],"advantages":[195],"increasing":[196],"longer":[198],"sequences.":[199],"is":[201],"released":[202],"as":[203],"open-source":[205],"library.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-11T14:45:31.134243","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}