{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128505139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.07238","title":"Is there \"Secret Sauce'' in Large Language Model Development?","display_name":"Is there \"Secret Sauce'' in Large Language Model Development?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128505139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.07238"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.07238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125521304","display_name":"Matthias Mertens","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mertens, Matthias","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046584717","display_name":"Natalia Fischl-Lanzoni","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fischl-Lanzoni, Natalia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125561749","display_name":"Neil Thompson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thompson, Neil","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.09260000288486481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.09260000288486481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.07400000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.061400000005960464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5853000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.5002999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4812999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.4747999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frontier","display_name":"Frontier","score":0.45980000495910645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6887000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5853000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.5002999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4812999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.4747999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.45980000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51485801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16966861","display_name":"Efficient frontier","level":3,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777115002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7168246","display_name":"Performance prediction","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.07238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.07238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.07238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.07238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Do":[0],"leading":[1],"LLM":[2,11],"developers":[3],"possess":[4],"a":[5,122],"proprietary":[6,77,86],"``secret":[7],"sauce'',":[8],"or":[9],"is":[10],"performance":[12,59,66],"driven":[13],"by":[14,70],"scaling":[15],"up":[16],"compute?":[17],"Using":[18],"training":[19,72],"and":[20,29,37,88,143],"benchmark":[21],"data":[22],"for":[23,140],"809":[24],"models":[25,55,108,127],"released":[26],"between":[27],"2022":[28],"2025,":[30],"we":[31,112],"estimate":[32],"scaling-law":[33],"regressions":[34],"with":[35,128],"release-date":[36],"developer":[38],"fixed":[39,99],"effects.":[40],"We":[41,135],"find":[42,114],"clear":[43],"evidence":[44],"of":[45,65,117],"developer-specific":[46],"efficiency":[47,119,133],"advantages,":[48],"but":[49],"their":[50],"importance":[51],"depends":[52],"on":[53],"where":[54],"lie":[56],"in":[57],"the":[58,62,83,94,138],"distribution.":[60],"At":[61],"frontier,":[63,84],"80-90%":[64],"differences":[67],"are":[68],"explained":[69],"higher":[71],"compute,":[73],"implying":[74],"that":[75],"scale--not":[76],"technology--drives":[78],"frontier":[79],"advances.":[80],"Away":[81],"from":[82],"however,":[85],"techniques":[87],"shared":[89],"algorithmic":[90],"progress":[91],"substantially":[92],"reduce":[93],"compute":[95,132],"required":[96],"to":[97],"reach":[98],"capability":[100,144],"thresholds.":[101],"Some":[102],"companies":[103],"can":[104,124],"systematically":[105],"produce":[106],"smaller":[107],"more":[109,129],"efficiently.":[110],"Strikingly,":[111],"also":[113,136],"substantial":[115],"variation":[116],"model":[118],"within":[120],"companies;":[121],"firm":[123],"train":[125],"two":[126],"than":[130],"40x":[131],"difference.":[134],"discuss":[137],"implications":[139],"AI":[141],"leadership":[142],"diffusion.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}