{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128384687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.06249","title":"Code, Capital, and Clusters: Understanding Firm Performance in the UK AI Economy","display_name":"Code, Capital, and Clusters: Understanding Firm Performance in the UK AI Economy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128384687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.06249"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.06249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085550364","display_name":"Waqar Muhammad Ashraf","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ashraf, Waqar Muhammad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125375984","display_name":"Diane Coyle","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Coyle, Diane","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125391384","display_name":"Ramit Debnath","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debnath, Ramit","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085550364"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.11289999634027481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.11289999634027481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.10199999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.05900000035762787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.6331999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consolidation","display_name":"Consolidation (business)","score":0.6233000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5056999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.45739999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","score":0.31450000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"Human capital","score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-factor-productivity","display_name":"Total factor productivity","score":0.30000001192092896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.6331999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776014549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3050847","display_name":"Consolidation (business)","level":2,"score":0.6233000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5372999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5056999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.45739999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.31450000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120009192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936153","display_name":"Total factor productivity","level":3,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91602232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756115","display_name":"Volatility (finance)","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30600047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7828141","display_name":"Total revenue","level":3,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778300220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114380","display_name":"Financial crisis","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53844881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856122","display_name":"Modernization theory","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154193497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3958441","display_name":"Economic sector","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58546491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150207","display_name":"Competitive advantage","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.06249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.06249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.06249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.06249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,118],"UK":[1,41],"has":[2],"established":[3],"a":[4,37,55,137,147],"distinctive":[5],"position":[6],"in":[7,59],"the":[8,21,73,109],"global":[9],"AI":[10,24,42,85,112,166,199],"landscape,":[11],"driven":[12],"by":[13],"rapid":[14],"firm":[15,30],"formation":[16],"and":[17,29,51,65,84,101,136,153,182,186,201],"strategic":[18],"investment.":[19],"However,":[20],"interplay":[22],"between":[23,175],"specialisation,":[25],"local":[26,93],"socioeconomic":[27,116],"conditions,":[28],"performance":[31],"remains":[32],"underexplored.":[33],"This":[34],"study":[35],"analyses":[36],"comprehensive":[38],"dataset":[39],"of":[40,63,111],"entities":[43,135],"(2000":[44],"-":[45,129,144],"2024)":[46],"from":[47],"Companies":[48],"House,":[49],"ONS,":[50],"glass.ai.":[52],"We":[53],"find":[54],"strong":[56],"geographical":[57],"concentration":[58],"London":[60,169],"(41.3":[61],"percent":[62,132,142],"entities)":[64],"technology-centric":[66],"sectors,":[67],"with":[68],"general":[69],"financial":[70],"services":[71],"reporting":[72],"highest":[74],"mean":[75],"operating":[76],"revenue":[77,90],"(33.9":[78],"million":[79],"GBP,":[80],"n=33).":[81],"Firm":[82],"size":[83],"specialisation":[86],"intensity":[87],"are":[88,193],"primary":[89],"drivers,":[91],"while":[92],"factors,":[94],"Level":[95],"3":[96],"qualification":[97],"rates,":[98],"population":[99],"density,":[100],"employment":[102],"levels,":[103],"provide":[104,157],"significant":[105],"marginal":[106],"contributions,":[107],"highlighting":[108],"dependence":[110],"growth":[113,200],"on":[114],"regional":[115,165,203],"ecosystems.":[117],"forecasting":[119],"models":[120],"project":[121],"sectoral":[122],"expansion":[123,152],"to":[124,170,195],"2030,":[125],"estimating":[126],"4,651":[127],"[4,323":[128],"4,979,":[130],"95":[131],"CI]":[133],"total":[134],"rising":[138],"dissolution":[139],"ratio":[140],"(2.21":[141],"[-0.17":[143],"4.60]),":[145],"indicating":[146],"transition":[148],"toward":[149],"slower":[150],"sector":[151],"consolidation.":[154,190],"These":[155],"results":[156],"robust":[158],"evidence":[159],"for":[160,177],"place-sensitive":[161],"policy":[162],"interventions:":[163],"cultivating":[164],"capabilities":[167],"beyond":[168],"mitigate":[171],"systemic":[172],"risks;":[173],"distinguishing":[174],"support":[176],"scaling":[178],"(addressing":[179],"capital":[180],"gaps)":[181],"deepening":[183],"technical":[184],"specialisation;":[185],"strategically":[187],"shaping":[188],"ecosystem":[189],"Targeted":[191],"actions":[192],"essential":[194],"foster":[196],"both":[197],"aggregate":[198],"balanced":[202],"development,":[204],"transforming":[205],"consolidation":[206],"into":[207],"sustained":[208],"competitive":[209],"advantage.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}
