{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127597010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.03648","title":"Can Developers rely on LLMs for Secure IaC Development?","display_name":"Can Developers rely on LLMs for Secure IaC Development?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127597010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.03648"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.03648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031213161","display_name":"Ehsan Firouzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7563-4196"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Firouzi, Ehsan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103439516","display_name":"Shardul Bhatt","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhatt, Shardul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125035649","display_name":"Mohammad Ghafari","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghafari, Mohammad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.24050000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.24050000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.21570000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.09860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.626800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.505299985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.4643999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security-model","display_name":"Computer security model","score":0.28029999136924744}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7028999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.626800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6266999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.505299985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4643999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9395851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177929","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22680326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444867","display_name":"Secure coding","level":5,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.03648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.03648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.03648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.03648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.662146270275116,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"investigated":[1],"the":[2,22,33,84,89,92,99,119,147],"capabilities":[3,155],"of":[4,39,83,98,118],"GPT-4o":[5],"and":[6,113],"Gemini":[7,140],"2.0":[8],"Flash":[9],"for":[10,149],"secure":[11,102,130,134,160],"Infrastructure":[12],"as":[13],"Code":[14],"(IaC)":[15],"development.":[16,162],"For":[17,101],"security":[18,40,49],"smell":[19],"detection,":[20],"on":[21],"Stack":[23],"Overflow":[24],"dataset,":[25],"which":[26,67],"primarily":[27],"contains":[28],"small,":[29],"simplified":[30],"code":[31,46,103,131],"snippets,":[32],"models":[34,93],"detected":[35],"at":[36,95],"least":[37,96],"71%":[38],"smells":[41,85],"when":[42],"prompted":[43,106],"to":[44,63,128,137,152],"analyze":[45],"from":[47],"a":[48,54,73],"perspective":[50],"(general":[51],"prompt).":[52],"With":[53],"guided":[55,90],"prompt":[56,75],"(adding":[57],"clear,":[58],"step-by-step":[59],"instructions),":[60],"this":[61],"increased":[62,132],"78%.In":[64],"GitHub":[65],"repositories,":[66],"contain":[68],"complete,":[69],"real-world":[70],"project":[71],"scripts,":[72],"general":[74],"was":[76],"less":[77],"effective,":[78],"leaving":[79],"more":[80],"than":[81],"half":[82],"undetected.":[86],"However,":[87],"with":[88,108,159],"prompt,":[91],"uncovered":[94],"67%":[97],"smells.":[100],"generation,":[104],"we":[105],"LLMs":[107],"89":[109],"vulnerable":[110],"synthetic":[111],"scenarios":[112],"observed":[114],"that":[115],"only":[116],"7%":[117],"generated":[120],"scripts":[121],"were":[122],"secure.":[123],"Adding":[124],"an":[125],"explicit":[126],"instruction":[127],"generate":[129],"GPT":[133],"output":[135],"rate":[136],"17%,":[138],"while":[139],"changed":[141],"little":[142],"(8%).":[143],"These":[144],"results":[145],"highlight":[146],"need":[148],"further":[150],"research":[151],"improve":[153],"LLMs'":[154],"in":[156],"assisting":[157],"developers":[158],"IaC":[161]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-06T00:00:00"}