{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127632800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.02708","title":"BinaryPPO: Efficient Policy Optimization for Binary Classification","display_name":"BinaryPPO: Efficient Policy Optimization for Binary Classification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127632800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.02708"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.02708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125004191","display_name":"Punya Syon Pandey","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pandey, Punya Syon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124977963","display_name":"Zhijing Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin, Zhijing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.14550000429153442,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.14550000429153442,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.13729999959468842,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.12269999831914902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.6212000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5856000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5763000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.566100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5375000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5023999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4361000061035156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7178000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6628999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.6212000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5856000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5763000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.566100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5375000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5023999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4361000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63435697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864135","display_name":"Binary code","level":3,"score":0.43369999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989514635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164377","display_name":"Constrained optimization problem","level":3,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864155","display_name":"Binary decision diagram","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.02708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.02708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.02708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.02708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7358347177505493,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Supervised":[0],"fine-tuning":[1],"(SFT)":[2],"is":[3,155],"the":[4,79,123],"standard":[5],"approach":[6],"for":[7,150],"binary":[8,50,151],"classification":[9,51],"tasks":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12,52],"toxicity":[13],"detection,":[14],"factuality":[15],"verification,":[16],"and":[17,96,130],"causal":[18],"inference.":[19],"However,":[20],"SFT":[21,149],"often":[22],"performs":[23],"poorly":[24],"in":[25,133],"real-world":[26],"settings":[27],"with":[28,67,99],"label":[29],"noise,":[30],"class":[31],"imbalance,":[32],"or":[33,75],"sparse":[34],"supervision.":[35],"We":[36,117],"introduce":[37],"BinaryPPO,":[38],"an":[39,119],"offline":[40],"reinforcement":[41],"learning":[42],"large":[43],"language":[44],"model":[45,80],"(LLM)":[46],"framework":[47],"that":[48,72,140],"reformulates":[49],"a":[53,60,68,145],"reward":[54,70,126,142],"maximization":[55],"problem.":[56],"Our":[57,153],"method":[58],"leverages":[59],"variant":[61],"of":[62,122,125],"Proximal":[63],"Policy":[64],"Optimization":[65],"(PPO)":[66],"confidence-weighted":[69],"function":[71],"penalizes":[73],"uncertain":[74],"incorrect":[76],"predictions,":[77],"enabling":[78,134],"to":[81,111,148],"learn":[82],"robust":[83,146],"decision":[84],"policies":[85],"from":[86],"static":[87],"datasets":[88],"without":[89],"online":[90],"interaction.":[91],"Across":[92],"eight":[93],"domain-specific":[94],"benchmarks":[95],"multiple":[97],"models":[98],"differing":[100],"architectures,":[101],"BinaryPPO":[102],"improves":[103],"accuracy":[104],"by":[105],"40-60":[106],"percentage":[107],"points,":[108],"reaching":[109],"up":[110],"99%,":[112],"substantially":[113],"outperforming":[114],"supervised":[115],"baselines.":[116],"provide":[118],"in-depth":[120],"analysis":[121],"role":[124],"shaping,":[127],"advantage":[128],"scaling,":[129],"policy":[131],"stability":[132],"this":[135],"improvement.":[136],"Overall,":[137],"we":[138],"demonstrate":[139],"confidence-based":[141],"design":[143],"provides":[144],"alternative":[147],"classification.":[152],"code":[154],"available":[156],"at":[157],"https://github.com/psyonp/BinaryPPO.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-06T00:00:00"}