{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127464665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.02467","title":"Indications of Belief-Guided Agency and Meta-Cognitive Monitoring in Large Language Models","display_name":"Indications of Belief-Guided Agency and Meta-Cognitive Monitoring in Large Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127464665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.02467"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.02467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.02467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.02467","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124933248","display_name":"Noam Steinmetz Yalon","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yalon, Noam Steinmetz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124931918","display_name":"Ariel Goldstein","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goldstein, Ariel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051873475","display_name":"Liad Mudrik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3564-6445"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mudrik, Liad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124941940","display_name":"Mor Geva","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geva, Mor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.33180001378059387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.33180001378059387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.11590000241994858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.0640999972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.6421999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consciousness","display_name":"Consciousness","score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dominance","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4293999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.3395000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6421999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5166000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4293999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37290000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141633740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7450996","display_name":"Sense of agency","level":2,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166109690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677422","display_name":"Action selection","level":3,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.02467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.02467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.02467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.02467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7611013650894165,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rapid":[0],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,34,79,86,159,177],"large":[3],"language":[4],"models":[5,13,109,135],"(LLMs)":[6],"have":[7],"sparked":[8],"the":[9,80,103,129,151,170],"question":[10],"whether":[11],"these":[12,145],"possess":[14],"some":[15],"form":[16],"of":[17,30,153,172],"consciousness.":[18],"To":[19],"tackle":[20],"this":[21,42,50],"challenge,":[22],"Butlin":[23],"et":[24],"al.":[25],"(2023)":[26],"introduced":[27],"a":[28,46,60,89,94],"list":[29],"indicators":[31],"for":[32,56,150,168],"consciousness":[33],"artificial":[35],"systems":[36],"based":[37,70],"on":[38,71],"neuroscientific":[39],"theories.":[40],"In":[41],"work,":[43],"we":[44],"evaluate":[45],"key":[47,114],"indicator":[48],"from":[49],"list,":[51],"called":[52],"HOT-3,":[53],"which":[54],"tests":[55],"agency":[57,155],"guided":[58],"by":[59],"general":[61],"belief-formation":[62],"and":[63,92,110,133,138,156,175],"action":[64,131],"selection":[65],"system":[66],"that":[67,84],"updates":[68],"beliefs":[69,76,107],"meta-cognitive":[72,157],"monitoring.":[73],"We":[74],"view":[75],"as":[77],"representations":[78],"model's":[81,130],"latent":[82],"space":[83],"emerge":[85],"response":[87],"to":[88,96],"given":[90],"input,":[91],"introduce":[93],"metric":[95],"quantify":[97],"their":[98,140],"dominance":[99],"during":[100],"generation.":[101],"Analyzing":[102],"dynamics":[104],"between":[105],"competing":[106],"across":[108],"tasks":[111],"reveals":[112],"three":[113],"findings:":[115],"(1)":[116],"external":[117],"manipulations":[118],"systematically":[119],"modulate":[120],"internal":[121],"belief":[122,125,142],"formation,":[123],"(2)":[124],"formation":[126],"causally":[127],"drives":[128],"selection,":[132],"(3)":[134],"can":[136],"monitor":[137],"report":[139],"own":[141],"states.":[143],"Together,":[144],"results":[146],"provide":[147],"empirical":[148],"support":[149],"existence":[152],"belief-guided":[154],"monitoring":[158],"LLMs.":[160,178],"More":[161],"broadly,":[162],"our":[163],"work":[164],"lays":[165],"methodological":[166],"groundwork":[167],"investigating":[169],"emergence":[171],"agency,":[173],"beliefs,":[174],"meta-cognition":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-16T07:02:28.622633","created_date":"2026-02-04T00:00:00"}