{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127201241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.23086","title":"Chain-of-thought obfuscation learned from output supervision can generalise to unseen tasks","display_name":"Chain-of-thought obfuscation learned from output supervision can generalise to unseen tasks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127201241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.23086"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.23086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123844931","display_name":"Nathaniel Mitrani Hadida","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hadida, Nathaniel Mitrani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045106875","display_name":"Sassan Bhanji","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhanji, Sassan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123233154","display_name":"Cameron Tice","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tice, Cameron","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042321763","display_name":"Puria Radmard","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radmard, Puria","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123844931"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.15850000083446503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.15850000083446503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.14110000431537628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.12639999389648438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.9373000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.576200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deliberation","display_name":"Deliberation","score":0.5525000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.42879998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shock","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.34290000796318054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.9373000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6345000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.576200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776946740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358652","display_name":"Deliberation","level":3,"score":0.5525000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.42879998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164614171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5204775","display_name":"DECIPHER","level":2,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80114427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634260","display_name":"Circumstantial evidence","level":2,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778775528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.23086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.23086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.23086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.23086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8049795627593994,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chain-of-thought":[0],"(CoT)":[1],"reasoning":[2,64,83],"provides":[3],"a":[4,22,151],"significant":[5],"performance":[6],"uplift":[7],"to":[8,62,81,104,150],"LLMs":[9,158],"by":[10],"enabling":[11],"planning,":[12],"exploration,":[13],"and":[14,43,89,99,118],"deliberation":[15],"of":[16,29,37,115,143,157],"their":[17],"actions.":[18],"CoT":[19,57,103,116],"is":[20],"also":[21,123],"powerful":[23],"tool":[24],"for":[25,48],"monitoring":[26],"the":[27,38,56,60,95,129,154],"behaviours":[28],"these":[30],"agents:":[31],"when":[32,125],"faithful,":[33],"they":[34],"offer":[35],"interpretations":[36],"model's":[39,130],"decision":[40],"making":[41],"process,":[42],"an":[44],"early":[45],"warning":[46],"sign":[47],"dangerous":[49],"behaviours.":[50],"However,":[51],"optimisation":[52],"pressures":[53],"placed":[54],"on":[55],"may":[58,147],"cause":[59],"model":[61],"obfuscate":[63,82],"traces,":[65],"losing":[66],"this":[67],"beneficial":[68],"property.":[69],"We":[70],"show":[71,112],"that":[72,79,113,140],"obfuscation":[73,101,114],"can":[74],"generalise":[75,93],"across":[76,121],"tasks;":[77],"models":[78],"learn":[80],"involving":[84],"reward":[85,96,106],"hacking":[86,97,107],"(e.g.":[87],"accessing":[88],"utilising":[90],"leaked":[91],"information)":[92],"both":[94],"behaviour":[98],"its":[100,119,135],"in":[102,153,159],"unseen":[105],"settings.":[108],"Most":[109],"worryingly,":[110],"we":[111,126],"reasoning,":[117],"generalisation":[120],"tasks,":[122],"follows":[124],"penalise":[127],"only":[128],"final":[131],"actions":[132],"after":[133],"closing":[134],"CoT.":[136],"Our":[137],"findings":[138],"suggest":[139],"current":[141],"practices":[142],"penalising":[144],"harmful":[145],"generations":[146],"inadvertently":[148],"lead":[149],"reduction":[152],"broader":[155],"monitorability":[156],"unpredictable":[160],"ways.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}
