{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126262192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.21898","title":"Making Models Unmergeable via Scaling-Sensitive Loss Landscape","display_name":"Making Models Unmergeable via Scaling-Sensitive Loss Landscape","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126262192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.21898"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.21898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007447674","display_name":"Minwoo Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2704-0075"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jang, Minwoo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124356214","display_name":"Hoyoung Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim, Hoyoung","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124310827","display_name":"Jabin Koo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koo, Jabin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124369018","display_name":"Jungseul Ok","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ok, Jungseul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007447674"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.19679999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.19679999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.19460000097751617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.11540000140666962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modularity","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.41190001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downstream","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-model","display_name":"Threat model","score":0.2502000033855438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6531000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779478453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4226999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.41190001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","level":2,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.24819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2460000067949295}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.21898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.21898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.21898","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.21898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6416857838630676,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rise":[1],"of":[2,87,98],"model":[3,12,15],"hubs":[4],"has":[5],"made":[6],"it":[7],"easier":[8],"to":[9],"access":[10],"reusable":[11],"components,":[13],"making":[14],"merging":[16,113],"a":[17,28,108],"practical":[18],"tool":[19],"for":[20,111],"combining":[21],"capabilities.":[22],"Yet,":[23],"this":[24,69],"modularity":[25],"also":[26],"creates":[27],"\\emph{governance":[29],"gap}:":[30],"downstream":[31],"users":[32],"can":[33],"recompose":[34],"released":[35,91,117],"weights":[36,118],"into":[37,81],"unauthorized":[38,134],"mixtures":[39],"that":[40,78,128],"bypass":[41],"safety":[42],"alignment":[43],"or":[44,94],"licensing":[45],"terms.":[46],"Because":[47],"existing":[48],"defenses":[49],"are":[50,90],"largely":[51],"post-hoc":[52],"and":[53,62],"architecture-specific,":[54],"they":[55,89],"provide":[56],"inconsistent":[57],"protection":[58,76,80],"across":[59],"diverse":[60],"architectures":[61],"release":[63],"formats":[64],"in":[65,120,131],"practice.":[66],"To":[67],"close":[68],"gap,":[70],"we":[71],"propose":[72],"\\textsc{Trap}$^{2}$,":[73],"an":[74],"architecture-agnostic":[75],"framework":[77],"encodes":[79],"the":[82,112],"update":[83],"during":[84],"fine-tuning,":[85],"regardless":[86],"whether":[88],"as":[92,107],"adapters":[93],"full":[95],"models.":[96],"Instead":[97],"relying":[99],"on":[100],"architecture-dependent":[101],"approaches,":[102],"\\textsc{Trap}$^{2}$":[103],"uses":[104],"weight":[105],"re-scaling":[106,127],"simple":[109],"proxy":[110],"process.":[114],"It":[115],"keeps":[116],"effective":[119],"standalone":[121],"use,":[122],"but":[123],"degrades":[124],"them":[125],"under":[126],"often":[129],"arises":[130],"merging,":[132],"undermining":[133],"merging.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-02-01T00:00:00"}