{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126177651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.21433","title":"When Prohibitions Become Permissions: Auditing Negation Sensitivity in Language Models","display_name":"When Prohibitions Become Permissions: Auditing Negation Sensitivity in Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126177651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.21433"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.21433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124339210","display_name":"Katherine Elkins","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elkins, Katherine","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034544789","display_name":"Jon Chun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5315-6784"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun, Jon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.38920000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.38920000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.21060000360012054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.13779999315738678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negation","display_name":"Negation","score":0.8345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.6065000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.53329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.4507000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4397999942302704}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2185349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190558","display_name":"Negation","level":2,"score":0.8345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6395999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.6065000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.53329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4668000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4507000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10347200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1960297","display_name":"Hindsight bias","level":2,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.260699987411499}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.21433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.21433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.21433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.21433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6665835976600647,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"a":[1,21,66,135,140,151],"user":[2],"tells":[3],"an":[4,12],"AI":[5],"system":[6,15],"that":[7,47,165],"someone":[8],"\"should":[9],"not\"":[10],"take":[11],"action,":[13],"the":[14,29,55,129],"ought":[16],"to":[17,91,150],"treat":[18],"this":[19],"as":[20,35,101,103,134],"prohibition.":[22],"Yet":[23],"many":[24],"large":[25],"language":[26],"models":[27,40,49,73,84,164],"do":[28],"opposite:":[30],"they":[31],"interpret":[32],"negated":[33,94],"instructions":[34],"affirmations.":[36],"We":[37,116],"audited":[38],"16":[39],"across":[41],"14":[42],"ethical":[43],"scenarios":[44,98],"and":[45,60,96,138,159],"found":[46],"open-source":[48],"endorse":[50],"prohibited":[51],"actions":[52],"77%":[53],"of":[54,80],"time":[56],"under":[57,62,109],"simple":[58],"negation":[59,64],"100%":[61],"compound":[63],"--":[65],"317%":[67],"increase":[68],"over":[69],"affirmative":[70,89],"framing.":[71],"Commercial":[72],"fare":[74],"better":[75],"but":[76],"still":[77],"show":[78],"swings":[79],"19-128%.":[81],"Agreement":[82],"between":[83,153],"drops":[85],"from":[86,171],"74%":[87],"on":[88,93],"prompts":[90],"62%":[92],"ones,":[95],"financial":[97],"prove":[99],"twice":[100],"fragile":[102],"medical":[104],"ones.":[105],"These":[106],"patterns":[107],"hold":[108],"deterministic":[110],"decoding,":[111],"ruling":[112],"out":[113,125],"sampling":[114],"noise.":[115],"present":[117],"case":[118],"studies":[119],"showing":[120],"how":[121],"these":[122],"failures":[123],"play":[124],"in":[126,181],"practice,":[127],"propose":[128],"Negation":[130],"Sensitivity":[131],"Index":[132],"(NSI)":[133],"governance":[136],"metric,":[137],"outline":[139],"tiered":[141],"certification":[142],"framework":[143],"with":[144],"domain-specific":[145],"thresholds.":[146],"The":[147],"findings":[148],"point":[149],"gap":[152],"what":[154,160],"current":[155],"alignment":[156],"techniques":[157],"achieve":[158],"safe":[161],"deployment":[162],"requires:":[163],"cannot":[166],"reliably":[167],"distinguish":[168],"\"do":[169,172],"X\"":[170,174],"not":[173,176],"should":[175],"be":[177],"making":[178],"autonomous":[179],"decisions":[180],"high-stakes":[182],"contexts.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-01T00:00:00"}
