{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126175042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.21189","title":"Adaptive and Robust Cost-Aware Proof of Quality for Decentralized LLM Inference Networks","display_name":"Adaptive and Robust Cost-Aware Proof of Quality for Decentralized LLM Inference Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126175042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.21189"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.21189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121257908","display_name":"Arther Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tian, Arther","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121291628","display_name":"Alex Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding, Alex","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124358335","display_name":"Frank Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Frank","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124354385","display_name":"Simon Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Simon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124383265","display_name":"Aaron Chan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan, Aaron","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121257908"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.4498000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.4498000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.19599999487400055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.12460000067949295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6431000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5911999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.545799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.4627000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-summarization","display_name":"Automatic summarization","score":0.32829999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.760200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6431000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5911999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.545799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.4627000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.45170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4316999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42559999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779346075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268763","display_name":"Quality Score","level":3,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63002673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260590","display_name":"Scoring rule","level":2,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52740198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1539564","display_name":"Importance sampling","level":3,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22171661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074380","display_name":"Stochastic game","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.21189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.21189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.21189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.21189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Decentralized":[0],"large":[1],"language":[2],"model":[3],"inference":[4,206],"networks":[5],"require":[6],"lightweight":[7],"mechanisms":[8],"to":[9,175],"reward":[10],"high":[11],"quality":[12],"outputs":[13],"under":[14,136,237],"heterogeneous":[15],"latency":[16],"and":[17,47,54,86,89,104,119,145,154,172,177,201,228,240],"cost.":[18],"Proof":[19,70,225],"of":[20,71,151,226],"Quality":[21,72,227],"provides":[22],"scalable":[23],"verification":[24],"by":[25,74,191],"sampling":[26,235],"evaluator":[27,45,96,117,155,192,196,199,234],"nodes":[28],"that":[29,41,94,128,161],"score":[30,49],"candidate":[31],"outputs,":[32],"then":[33,133],"aggregating":[34],"their":[35],"scores":[36],"into":[37],"a":[38,68,108,149,220],"consensus":[39,53,77,93,165,218],"signal":[40],"determines":[42],"rewards.":[43],"However,":[44],"heterogeneity":[46],"malicious":[48,152],"manipulation":[50],"can":[51,129],"distort":[52],"inflate":[55],"payouts,":[56],"which":[57],"weakens":[58],"incentive":[59],"alignment":[60,166],"in":[61,211],"open":[62],"participation":[63],"settings.":[64],"This":[65],"paper":[66],"extends":[67],"cost-aware":[69,224],"mechanism":[73],"adding":[75],"adversary-resilient":[76],"formation.":[78],"We":[79,132,184],"study":[80],"robust":[81,162,217],"aggregation":[82,163],"rules,":[83],"including":[84,125,140],"median":[85],"trimmed":[87],"mean,":[88],"an":[90],"adaptive":[91],"trust-weighted":[92],"updates":[95],"weights":[97],"from":[98],"deviation":[99],"signals.":[100],"Using":[101],"question":[102],"answering":[103],"summarization":[105],"workloads":[106],"with":[107,167,181],"ground":[109,169],"truth":[110,170],"proxy":[111,171],"for":[112,223,232],"offline":[113],"analysis,":[114],"we":[115],"quantify":[116],"reliability":[118],"show":[120,160],"strong":[121],"variance":[122,204],"across":[123,148],"evaluators,":[124],"task-dependent":[126],"misalignment":[127],"invert":[130],"correlations.":[131],"evaluate":[134],"robustness":[135],"four":[137],"adversarial":[138,238],"strategies,":[139],"noise":[141],"injection,":[142],"boosting,":[143],"sabotage,":[144],"intermittent":[146],"manipulation,":[147],"sweep":[150],"ratios":[153],"sample":[156],"sizes.":[157],"Our":[158],"results":[159],"improves":[164],"the":[168,187],"reduces":[173],"sensitivity":[174],"noisy":[176],"strategic":[178],"attacks":[179],"compared":[180],"simple":[182],"averaging.":[183],"further":[185],"characterize":[186],"operational":[188],"trade-off":[189],"introduced":[190],"sampling,":[193],"where":[194],"larger":[195],"sets":[197],"reduce":[198],"rewards":[200,207],"increase":[202],"payoff":[203],"while":[205],"remain":[208],"relatively":[209],"stable":[210],"our":[212],"configuration.":[213],"These":[214],"findings":[215],"motivate":[216],"as":[219],"default":[221],"component":[222],"provide":[229],"practical":[230],"guidance":[231],"selecting":[233],"parameters":[236],"risk":[239],"resource":[241],"constraints.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-02-01T00:00:00"}