{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125801703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.17631","title":"Representative Litigation Settlement Agreements in Artificial Intelligence Copyright Infringement Disputes: A Comparative Reflection Based on the U.S","display_name":"Representative Litigation Settlement Agreements in Artificial Intelligence Copyright Infringement Disputes: A Comparative Reflection Based on the U.S","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125801703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.17631"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.17631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.17631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.17631","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123929748","display_name":"Chanhou Lou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lou, Chanhou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123929748"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.6460999846458435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.6460999846458435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13191","display_name":"Dispute Resolution and Class Actions","score":0.057999998331069946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.03550000116229057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5059000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5059000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.44190001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.44190001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-action","display_name":"Class action","score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-action","display_name":"Class action","score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/settlement","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","score":0.43959999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/settlement","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","score":0.43959999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.3977000117301941}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.5564000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.5564000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5059000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5059000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.44190001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.44190001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776687834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2783852","display_name":"Class action","level":3,"score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776687834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2783852","display_name":"Class action","level":3,"score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.43959999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.43959999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131676636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282696","display_name":"Dispute resolution","level":2,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131676636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282696","display_name":"Dispute resolution","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98965940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877496","display_name":"Transaction cost","level":2,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98965940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877496","display_name":"Transaction cost","level":2,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48764862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898871","display_name":"Judicial review","level":2,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48764862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898871","display_name":"Judicial review","level":2,"score":0.29339998960494995}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.17631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.17631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.17631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.17631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8206539154052734,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"high-density,":[1],"decentralized":[2],"copyright":[3],"conflicts":[4],"triggered":[5],"by":[6],"generative":[7],"AI":[8],"training":[9],"require":[10],"more":[11],"than":[12],"ad":[13],"hoc":[14],"solutions;":[15],"they":[16],"demand":[17],"structural":[18],"governance":[19],"tools.":[20],"This":[21,69],"article":[22],"argues":[23],"that":[24,57],"representative":[25],"litigation":[26],"settlement":[27],"agreements":[28,47,119],"offer":[29],"a":[30,75,88,91,101,106,141,165],"distinct":[31],"institutional":[32],"advantage.":[33],"Beyond":[34],"reducing":[35],"the":[36,41,44,59,63,79,110,115,133,151,160],"transaction":[37],"costs":[38],"associated":[39],"with":[40],"\"tragedy":[42],"of":[43,66,78,104,112,117,136,159],"anticommons,\"":[45],"these":[46],"generate":[48],"market-visible":[49],"evidence,":[50],"specifically":[51],"pricing":[52],"signals":[53],"and":[54,97,100,149],"licensing":[55],"practices,":[56],"validate":[58],"\"potential":[60],"market\"":[61],"under":[62,154],"fourth":[64],"factor":[65],"fair":[67],"use.":[68],"phenomenon":[70],"constitutes":[71],"procedural":[72],"market-making.":[73],"Through":[74],"comparative":[76],"analysis":[77],"U.S.":[80],"Bartz":[81],"class":[82,147],"action":[83],"settlement,":[84],"this":[85],"study":[86],"reveals":[87],"dual":[89],"motivation:":[90],"surface-level":[92],"drive":[93],"for":[94,145],"risk":[95],"aversion":[96],"remedy":[98],"locking,":[99],"deeper":[102],"logic":[103],"constructing":[105],"training-licensing":[107],"market.":[108],"In":[109],"context":[111],"Chinese":[113],"law,":[114],"feasibility":[116],"such":[118],"depends":[120],"not":[121],"on":[122,127],"replicating":[123],"foreign":[124],"models,":[125],"but":[126],"establishing":[128],"three":[129],"interpretive":[130],"mechanisms:":[131],"expanding":[132],"functional":[134],"definition":[135],"\"same":[137],"category\"":[138],"claims;":[139],"adopting":[140],"hybrid":[142],"registration/confirmation":[143],"system":[144],"indeterminate":[146],"membership;":[148],"converting":[150],"\"consent\"":[152],"requirement":[153],"Article":[155],"57,":[156],"Paragraph":[157],"3":[158],"Civil":[161],"Procedure":[162],"Law":[163],"into":[164],"workable":[166],"opt-out":[167],"right":[168],"subject":[169],"to":[170],"judicial":[171],"scrutiny.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-01-28T00:00:00"}