{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125684431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.16240","title":"Test-Time Adaptation for Speech Emotion Recognition","display_name":"Test-Time Adaptation for Speech Emotion Recognition","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125684431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.16240"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.16240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.16240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.16240","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123847122","display_name":"Jiaheng Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dong, Jiaheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123845840","display_name":"Hong Jia","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia, Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123843547","display_name":"Ting Dang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dang, Ting","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123847122"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9318000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9318000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.03909999877214432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.008100000210106373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.5311999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.5098999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.40389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragility","display_name":"Fragility","score":0.3400000035762787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5496000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5311999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.5098999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.40389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80191262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5477668","display_name":"Fragility","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776434776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19246213","display_name":"Domain adaptation","level":3,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61328038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358061","display_name":"Speech processing","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206310091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750859","display_name":"Emotion classification","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.16240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.16240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.16240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.16240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6332986354827881,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,121],"practical":[1],"utility":[2],"of":[3,87,143,155],"Speech":[4],"Emotion":[5],"Recognition":[6],"(SER)":[7],"systems":[8],"is":[9,149,167],"undermined":[10],"by":[11,64],"their":[12,140],"fragility":[13],"to":[14],"domain":[15,32,93],"shifts,":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18,139],"speaker":[19],"variability,":[20],"the":[21,85,91,106,129,152,171],"distinction":[22],"between":[23],"acted":[24],"and":[25,28,34,82,110,135,164,174],"naturalistic":[26],"emotions,":[27],"cross-corpus":[29],"variations.":[30],"While":[31],"adaptation":[33,59],"fine-tuning":[35],"are":[36,49,128],"widely":[37],"studied,":[38],"they":[39],"require":[40],"either":[41],"source":[42],"data":[43],"or":[44,52],"labelled":[45],"target":[46,72],"data,":[47],"which":[48],"often":[50],"unavailable":[51],"raise":[53],"privacy":[54],"concerns":[55],"in":[56,95],"SER.":[57],"Test-time":[58],"(TTA)":[60],"bridges":[61],"this":[62,102],"gap":[63],"adapting":[65],"models":[66],"at":[67],"inference":[68],"using":[69],"only":[70],"unlabeled":[71],"data.":[73],"Yet,":[74],"having":[75],"been":[76,99],"predominantly":[77],"designed":[78],"for":[79,89],"image":[80],"classification":[81],"speech":[83],"recognition,":[84],"efficacy":[86],"TTA":[88,114,126],"mitigating":[90],"unique":[92],"shifts":[94,173],"SER":[96,119],"has":[97],"not":[98],"investigated.":[100],"In":[101],"paper,":[103],"we":[104],"present":[105],"first":[107],"systematic":[108],"evaluation":[109],"comparison":[111],"covering":[112],"11":[113],"methods":[115,127],"across":[116],"three":[117],"representative":[118],"tasks.":[120,175],"results":[122],"indicate":[123],"that":[124],"backpropagation-free":[125],"most":[130],"promising.":[131],"Conversely,":[132],"entropy":[133],"minimization":[134],"pseudo-labeling":[136],"generally":[137],"fail,":[138],"core":[141],"assumption":[142],"a":[144],"single,":[145],"confident":[146],"ground-truth":[147],"label":[148],"incompatible":[150],"with":[151],"inherent":[153],"ambiguity":[154],"emotional":[156],"expression.":[157],"Further,":[158],"no":[159],"single":[160],"method":[161],"universally":[162],"excels,":[163],"its":[165],"effectiveness":[166],"highly":[168],"dependent":[169],"on":[170],"distributional":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-27T23:31:10.601533","created_date":"2026-01-27T00:00:00"}