{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125518673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.15406","title":"Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models for Heterogeneous Face Recognition","display_name":"Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models for Heterogeneous Face Recognition","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125518673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.15406"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.15406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.15406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.15406","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042428131","display_name":"Hatef Otroshi Shahreza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8199-0098"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahreza, Hatef Otroshi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002218750","display_name":"Anjith George","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George, Anjith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123656657","display_name":"S\u00e9bastien Marcel","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcel, S\u00e9bastien","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9277999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9277999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.009600000455975533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.7696999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5673999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5281000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5027999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.38850000500679016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.7696999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7454000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5806999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5673999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5281000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5027999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780589192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7285140","display_name":"Raising (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.15406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.15406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.15406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.15406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multimodal":[0],"Large":[1],"Language":[2],"Models":[3],"(MLLMs)":[4],"have":[5],"recently":[6],"demonstrated":[7],"strong":[8],"performance":[9,82,111],"on":[10,92],"a":[11,31],"wide":[12],"range":[13],"of":[14,34,83,127,137,146],"vision-language":[15],"tasks,":[16],"raising":[17],"interest":[18],"in":[19,125,130,154],"their":[20,152],"potential":[21],"use":[22],"for":[23,37,140],"biometric":[24,88,148],"applications.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"paper,":[28],"we":[29],"conduct":[30],"systematic":[32],"evaluation":[33,149],"state-of-the-art":[35],"MLLMs":[36,68,84,114,139],"heterogeneous":[38],"face":[39,78,117,155],"recognition":[40,81,118,156],"(HFR),":[41],"where":[42],"enrollment":[43],"and":[44,61,76,90,102,115,142],"probe":[45],"images":[46],"are":[47],"from":[48],"different":[49,93],"sensing":[50],"modalities,":[51],"including":[52,73,95],"visual":[53],"(VIS),":[54],"near":[55],"infrared":[56,59],"(NIR),":[57],"short-wave":[58],"(SWIR),":[60],"thermal":[62],"camera.":[63],"We":[64],"benchmark":[65],"multiple":[66],"open-source":[67],"across":[69],"several":[70],"cross-modality":[71],"scenarios,":[72],"VIS-NIR,":[74],"VIS-SWIR,":[75],"VIS-THERMAL":[77],"recognition.":[79],"The":[80],"is":[85],"evaluated":[86],"using":[87],"protocols":[89],"based":[91],"metrics,":[94],"Acquire":[96],"Rate,":[97],"Equal":[98],"Error":[99],"Rate":[100,105],"(EER),":[101],"True":[103],"Accept":[104],"(TAR).":[106],"Our":[107,132],"results":[108],"reveal":[109],"substantial":[110],"gaps":[112],"between":[113],"classical":[116],"systems,":[119],"particularly":[120],"under":[121],"challenging":[122],"cross-spectral":[123],"conditions,":[124],"spite":[126],"recent":[128],"advances":[129],"MLLMs.":[131],"findings":[133],"highlight":[134],"the":[135,144],"limitations":[136],"current":[138],"HFR":[141],"also":[143],"importance":[145],"rigorous":[147],"when":[150],"considering":[151],"deployment":[153],"systems.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-01-24T00:00:00"}