{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125127267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.11598","title":"Toward Youth-Centered Privacy-by-Design in Smart Devices: A Systematic Review","display_name":"Toward Youth-Centered Privacy-by-Design in Smart Devices: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125127267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.11598"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.11598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.11598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.11598","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049979288","display_name":"Molly Campbell","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Campbell, Molly","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122433531","display_name":"Mohamad Sheikho Al Jasem","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jasem, Mohamad Sheikho Al","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078540596","display_name":"Ajay Kumar Shrestha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1081-7036"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shrestha, Ajay Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049979288"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.4163999855518341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.4163999855518341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.09769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.04910000041127205,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.5670999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.5670999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociotechnical-system","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","score":0.5562000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociotechnical-system","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","score":0.5562000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-analysis","display_name":"Thematic analysis","score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-analysis","display_name":"Thematic analysis","score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.49079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.49079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.486299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.486299991607666}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5670999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5670999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127627568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639361","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","level":2,"score":0.5562000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127627568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639361","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","level":2,"score":0.5562000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.486299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.486299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61904560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148359","display_name":"Grey literature","level":3,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61904560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148359","display_name":"Grey literature","level":3,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.39079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.39079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93692415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502030","display_name":"Thematic map","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93692415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502030","display_name":"Thematic map","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.305400013923645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.11598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.11598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.11598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.11598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,174],"literature":[1],"review":[2],"evaluates":[3],"privacy-by-design":[4],"frameworks,":[5,93],"tools,":[6],"and":[7,25,41,48,66,81,103,116,141,165,170,187],"policies":[8],"intended":[9],"to":[10,138,199],"protect":[11],"youth":[12,179],"in":[13,114,161],"AI-enabled":[14],"smart":[15],"devices":[16],"using":[17],"a":[18,158],"PRISMA-guided":[19],"workflow.":[20],"Sources":[21],"from":[22,28],"major":[23],"academic":[24],"grey-literature":[26],"repositories":[27],"the":[29,95,98,130,149,191],"past":[30],"decade":[31],"were":[32,50],"screened.":[33],"The":[34,54],"search":[35],"identified":[36],"2,216":[37],"records;":[38],"after":[39],"deduplication":[40],"screening,":[42],"645":[43],"articles":[44],"underwent":[45],"eligibility":[46],"assessment,":[47],"122":[49],"included":[51],"for":[52,190],"analysis.":[53],"corpus":[55,131],"was":[56],"organized":[57],"along":[58],"three":[59],"thematic":[60],"categories:":[61],"technical":[62,73,134,150],"solutions,":[63],"policy/regulatory":[64],"measures,":[65],"education/awareness":[67],"strategies.":[68],"Findings":[69],"reveal":[70],"that":[71],"while":[72,120],"interventions":[74],"such":[75],"as":[76],"on-device":[77],"processing,":[78],"federated":[79],"learning,":[80],"lightweight":[82],"encryption":[83],"significantly":[84],"reduce":[85],"data":[86,180],"exposure,":[87],"their":[88],"adoption":[89],"remains":[90],"limited.":[91],"Policy":[92],"including":[94],"EU's":[96],"GDPR,":[97],"UK":[99],"Age-Appropriate":[100],"Design":[101],"Code,":[102],"Canada's":[104],"PIPEDA,":[105],"provide":[106],"important":[107],"baselines":[108],"but":[109],"are":[110,123],"hindered":[111],"by":[112,182],"gaps":[113],"enforcement":[115],"age-appropriate":[117],"design":[118,192],"obligations,":[119],"educational":[121],"initiatives":[122],"rarely":[124],"integrated":[125],"systematically":[126],"into":[127],"curricula.":[128],"Overall,":[129],"skews":[132],"toward":[133],"solutions":[135],"(67%)":[136],"relative":[137],"policy":[139],"(21%)":[140],"education":[142],"(12%),":[143],"indicating":[144],"an":[145],"implementation":[146],"gap":[147],"outside":[148],"domain.":[151],"To":[152],"address":[153],"these":[154],"challenges,":[155],"we":[156],"recommend":[157],"multi-stakeholder":[159],"model":[160],"which":[162],"policymakers,":[163],"manufacturers,":[164],"educators":[166],"co-develop":[167],"inclusive,":[168],"transparent,":[169],"context-sensitive":[171],"privacy":[172],"ecosystems.":[173],"work":[175],"advances":[176],"discourse":[177],"on":[178],"protection":[181],"offering":[183],"empirically":[184],"grounded":[185],"insights":[186],"actionable":[188],"recommendations":[189],"of":[193],"ethical,":[194],"privacy-preserving":[195],"AI":[196],"systems":[197],"tailored":[198],"young":[200],"users.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-22T23:33:04.759266","created_date":"2026-01-22T00:00:00"}