{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124499279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.10398","title":"LatentRefusal: Latent-Signal Refusal for Unanswerable Text-to-SQL Queries","display_name":"LatentRefusal: Latent-Signal Refusal for Unanswerable Text-to-SQL Queries","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124499279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.10398"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.10398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.10398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.10398","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049239373","display_name":"Xuancheng Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6994-2114"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren, Xuancheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123190182","display_name":"Shijing Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu, Shijing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123204050","display_name":"Zhihui Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu, Zhihui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123189566","display_name":"Jiangqi Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Jiangqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123187457","display_name":"Qiang Duan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duan, Qiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.22419999539852142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.22419999539852142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.17170000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.09040000289678574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.5491999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integrity","display_name":"Data integrity","score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yield","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","score":0.26269999146461487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7427999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.5491999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192028432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845739","display_name":"Query language","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.10398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.10398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.10398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.10398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7068626880645752,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"LLM-based":[1],"text-to-SQL":[2,71,157],"systems,":[3],"unanswerable":[4,129],"and":[5,60,77,111,128,135,145,152],"underspecified":[6],"user":[7],"queries":[8,39],"may":[9],"generate":[10],"not":[11],"only":[12],"incorrect":[13],"text":[14],"but":[15],"also":[16],"executable":[17],"programs":[18],"that":[19,84,119,147],"yield":[20],"misleading":[21],"results":[22],"or":[23,53],"violate":[24],"safety":[25,154],"constraints,":[26],"posing":[27],"a":[28,80,93,103],"major":[29],"barrier":[30],"to":[31,50,107,166],"safe":[32,68],"deployment.":[33],"Existing":[34],"refusal":[35,69,82],"strategies":[36],"for":[37,156],"such":[38],"either":[40],"rely":[41],"on":[42,169],"output-level":[43],"instruction":[44],"following,":[45],"which":[46,57],"is":[47],"brittle":[48],"due":[49],"model":[51],"hallucinations,":[52],"estimate":[54],"output":[55],"uncertainty,":[56],"adds":[58],"complexity":[59],"overhead.":[61,179],"To":[62],"address":[63],"this":[64],"challenge,":[65],"we":[66],"formalize":[67],"in":[70],"systems":[72],"as":[73],"an":[74,150],"answerability-gating":[75],"problem":[76],"propose":[78],"LatentRefusal,":[79],"latent-signal":[81],"mechanism":[83],"predicts":[85],"query":[86],"answerability":[87],"from":[88],"intermediate":[89],"hidden":[90],"activations":[91],"of":[92,116,141,177],"large":[94],"language":[95],"model.":[96],"We":[97],"introduce":[98],"the":[99,139,142],"Tri-Residual":[100],"Gated":[101],"Encoder,":[102],"lightweight":[104],"probing":[105],"architecture,":[106],"suppress":[108],"schema":[109],"noise":[110],"amplify":[112],"sparse,":[113],"localized":[114],"cues":[115],"question-schema":[117],"mismatch":[118],"indicate":[120],"unanswerability.":[121],"Extensive":[122],"empirical":[123],"evaluations":[124],"across":[125],"diverse":[126],"ambiguous":[127],"settings,":[130],"together":[131],"with":[132],"ablation":[133],"studies":[134],"interpretability":[136],"analyses,":[137],"demonstrate":[138],"effectiveness":[140],"proposed":[143],"approach":[144],"show":[146],"LatentRefusal":[148,162],"provides":[149],"attachable":[151],"efficient":[153],"layer":[155],"systems.":[158],"Across":[159],"four":[160],"benchmarks,":[161],"improves":[163],"average":[164],"F1":[165],"88.5":[167],"percent":[168],"both":[170],"backbones":[171],"while":[172],"adding":[173],"approximately":[174],"2":[175],"milliseconds":[176],"probe":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-01-17T00:00:00"}
