{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124445162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.09886","title":"Clozing the Gap: Exploring Why Language Model Surprisal Outperforms Cloze Surprisal","display_name":"Clozing the Gap: Exploring Why Language Model Surprisal Outperforms Cloze Surprisal","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124445162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.09886"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.09886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.09886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.09886","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050080428","display_name":"Sathvik Nair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4467-9049"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nair, Sathvik","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066248885","display_name":"Byung-Doh Oh","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oh, Byung-Doh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050080428"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.8622999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.8622999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.018699999898672104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.01119999960064888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5770999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5674999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.48489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-understanding","display_name":"Language understanding","score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolution","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-linguistics","display_name":"Computational linguistics","score":0.2944999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6789000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6118999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5992000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5770999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5674999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.48489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993724205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315","display_name":"Human language","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778828372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283209","display_name":"Distributional semantics","level":3,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.25839999318122864}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.09886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.09886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.09886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.09886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7382686138153076,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"predictable":[1],"a":[2],"word":[3],"is":[4,41,118],"can":[5,57],"be":[6],"quantified":[7],"in":[8,68],"two":[9],"ways:":[10],"using":[11,19],"human":[12],"responses":[13],"to":[14,43,59,96,104,122],"the":[15,51,64,78,106,123],"cloze":[16,37,109],"task":[17],"or":[18],"probabilities":[20,32,34,47,95],"from":[21,36,85],"language":[22,69],"models":[23],"(LMs).When":[24],"used":[25],"as":[26,120],"predictors":[27,56],"of":[28,66,80,108],"processing":[29],"effort,":[30],"LM":[31,46,81,128],"outperform":[33],"derived":[35],"data.":[38],"However,":[39],"it":[40],"important":[42],"establish":[44],"that":[45],"do":[48],"so":[49],"for":[50,74,102],"right":[52],"reasons,":[53],"since":[54],"different":[55,60],"lead":[58],"scientific":[61],"conclusions":[62],"about":[63,77],"role":[65],"prediction":[67,117],"comprehension.":[70],"We":[71],"present":[72],"evidence":[73],"three":[75],"hypotheses":[76],"advantage":[79],"probabilities:":[82],"not":[83],"suffering":[84],"low":[86],"resolution,":[87],"distinguishing":[88],"semantically":[89],"similar":[90],"words,":[91],"and":[92],"accurately":[93],"assigning":[94],"low-frequency":[97],"words.":[98],"These":[99],"results":[100],"call":[101],"efforts":[103],"improve":[105],"resolution":[107],"studies,":[110],"coupled":[111],"with":[112],"experiments":[113],"on":[114],"whether":[115],"human-like":[116],"also":[119],"sensitive":[121],"fine-grained":[124],"distinctions":[125],"made":[126],"by":[127],"probabilities.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-17T23:15:25.596738","created_date":"2026-01-17T00:00:00"}
