{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123426850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.07364","title":"On the universal definition of intelligence","display_name":"On the universal definition of intelligence","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123426850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.07364"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.07364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.07364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.07364","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122932581","display_name":"Joseph Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5122932581"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.5630999803543091,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.5630999803543091,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.04749999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14350","display_name":"Innovation, Sustainability, Human-Machine Systems","score":0.023499999195337296,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-power","display_name":"Predictive power","score":0.6414999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-intelligence","display_name":"Human intelligence","score":0.536899983882904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-general-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","score":0.46309998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.40459999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-evidence","display_name":"Empirical evidence","score":0.32010000944137573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778136018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10350689","display_name":"Predictive power","level":2,"score":0.6414999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6144000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5972999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.536899983882904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.46309998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.40459999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7807463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191624","display_name":"Anthropocentrism","level":2,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.07364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.07364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.07364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.07364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,69,152],"paper":[1,70,153,219],"aims":[2],"to":[3,33,88,143,169,177],"propose":[4],"a":[5,61,164,200],"universal":[6,229],"definition":[7,230],"of":[8,16,26,50,63,84,166,196,207],"intelligence":[9,20,40,51,77,162],"that":[10,124,221],"enables":[11],"fair":[12],"and":[13,18,35,38,54,92,111,114,119,135,150,174,189,192,213,228,234],"consistent":[14],"comparison":[15],"human":[17,37,233],"artificial":[19],"(AI).":[21],"With":[22],"the":[23,66,146,155,167,172,175,194,222,225],"rapid":[24],"development":[25],"AI":[27,39,235],"technology":[28],"in":[29,60,65],"recent":[30],"years,":[31],"how":[32],"compare":[34],"evaluate":[36],"has":[41],"become":[42],"an":[43,141],"important":[44],"theoretical":[45,117],"issue.":[46],"However,":[47],"existing":[48],"definitions":[49,78,126],"are":[52],"anthropocentric":[53],"unsuitable":[55],"for":[56,75,203,231],"empirical":[57,136],"comparison,":[58],"resulting":[59],"lack":[62],"consensus":[64],"research":[67],"field.":[68],"first":[71],"introduces":[72],"four":[73],"criteria":[74],"evaluating":[76],"based":[79,127],"on":[80,128],"R.":[81],"Carnap's":[82],"methodology":[83],"conceptual":[85],"clarification:":[86],"similarity":[87],"explicandum,":[89],"exactness,":[90],"fruitfulness,":[91],"simplicity.":[93],"We":[94],"then":[95],"examine":[96],"six":[97],"representative":[98],"definitions:":[99],"IQ":[100],"testing,":[101],"complex":[102],"problem-solving":[103],"ability,":[104,113],"reward":[105],"optimization,":[106],"environmental":[107],"adaptation,":[108],"learning":[109],"efficiency,":[110],"predictive":[112,129,185],"clarify":[115],"their":[116],"strengths":[118],"limitations.":[120],"The":[121],"results":[122],"show":[123],"while":[125],"ability":[130,168,176,186],"have":[131],"high":[132],"explanatory":[133],"power":[134],"feasibility,":[137],"they":[138],"suffer":[139],"from":[140,179],"inability":[142],"adequately":[144],"explain":[145],"relationship":[147],"between":[148],"predictions":[149,191],"behavior/benefits.":[151],"proposes":[154],"Extended":[156],"Predictive":[157],"Hypothesis":[158],"(EPH),":[159],"which":[160],"views":[161],"as":[163,210],"combination":[165],"accurately":[170],"predict":[171],"future":[173,214],"benefit":[178],"those":[180],"predictions.":[181],"Furthermore,":[182],"by":[183],"distinguishing":[184],"into":[187],"spontaneous":[188],"reactive":[190],"adding":[193],"concept":[195],"gainability,":[197],"we":[198],"present":[199],"unified":[201],"framework":[202],"explaining":[204],"various":[205],"aspects":[206],"intelligence,":[208],"such":[209],"creativity,":[211],"learning,":[212],"planning.":[215],"In":[216],"conclusion,":[217],"this":[218],"argues":[220],"EPH":[223],"is":[224],"most":[226],"satisfactory":[227],"comparing":[232],"intelligence.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-14T23:44:37.837170","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}