{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118370233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.02993","title":"Stable-RAG: Mitigating Retrieval-Permutation-Induced Hallucinations in Retrieval-Augmented Generation","display_name":"Stable-RAG: Mitigating Retrieval-Permutation-Induced Hallucinations in Retrieval-Augmented Generation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118370233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.02993"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.02993","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.02993","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.02993","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122077470","display_name":"Qianchi Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Qianchi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101856227","display_name":"Hainan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9659-4840"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Hainan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102614695","display_name":"Liang Pang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pang, Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009417234","display_name":"Hongwei Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4293-0807"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng, Hongwei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101965096","display_name":"Zhiming Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2727-4445"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng, Zhiming","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5122077470"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.8616999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.8616999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.03620000183582306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.01979999989271164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hallucinating","display_name":"Hallucinating","score":0.6237999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6083999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salience","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","score":0.506600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4864000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.4733000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.44530001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permutation","display_name":"Permutation (music)","score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.39419999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.652400016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911011789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130741","display_name":"Hallucinating","level":2,"score":0.6237999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6083999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108154423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469792","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","level":2,"score":0.506600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4864000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.4733000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.44530001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21308566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169365","display_name":"Permutation (music)","level":2,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.39419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780695315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3799040","display_name":"Unobservable","level":2,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.36160001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.34940001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150921843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1170431","display_name":"Resampling","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86037889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330127","display_name":"Learning to rank","level":3,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.25859999656677246}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.02993","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.02993","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.02993","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.02993","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Retrieval-Augmented":[0],"Generation":[1],"(RAG)":[2],"has":[3],"become":[4],"a":[5,36,68,135],"key":[6],"paradigm":[7],"for":[8],"reducing":[9],"factual":[10],"hallucinations":[11],"in":[12,62],"Large":[13],"Language":[14],"Models":[15],"(LLMs),":[16],"yet":[17],"little":[18],"is":[19,60],"known":[20],"about":[21],"how":[22],"the":[23,41,52,57,63,123,140,155,159],"order":[24],"of":[25,51],"retrieved":[26,53],"documents":[27],"affects":[28],"model":[29,160],"behavior.":[30],"We":[31],"empirically":[32],"show":[33,175],"that":[34,138,176],"under":[35,125],"Top-5":[37],"retrieval":[38,73,88,127],"setting":[39],"with":[40,192],"gold":[42,58],"document":[43,59,168],"included,":[44],"LLM":[45,84],"answers":[46],"vary":[47],"substantially":[48],"across":[49,167,185],"permutations":[50],"set,":[54],"even":[55],"when":[56],"fixed":[61],"first":[64],"position.":[65],"This":[66],"reveals":[67],"previously":[69],"underexplored":[70],"sensitivity":[71,115],"to":[72,86,93,117,150,161],"permutations.":[74,169],"Although":[75],"existing":[76],"robust":[77],"RAG":[78],"methods":[79],"focus":[80],"primarily":[81],"on":[82,171],"enhancing":[83],"robustness":[85],"low-quality":[87],"and":[89,132,164,183,188],"mitigating":[90],"positional":[91],"bias":[92],"distribute":[94],"attention":[95],"fairly":[96],"over":[97],"long":[98],"contexts,":[99],"neither":[100],"approach":[101],"directly":[102],"addresses":[103],"permutation":[104,114],"sensitivity.":[105],"In":[106],"this":[107],"paper,":[108],"we":[109],"propose":[110],"Stable-RAG,":[111],"which":[112],"exploits":[113],"estimation":[116],"mitigate":[118],"permutation-induced":[119],"hallucinations.":[120],"Stable-RAG":[121,177],"runs":[122],"generator":[124],"multiple":[126],"orders,":[128],"clusters":[129],"hidden":[130],"states,":[131],"decodes":[133],"from":[134],"cluster-center":[136],"representation":[137],"captures":[139],"dominant":[141],"reasoning":[142,148,181],"pattern.":[143],"It":[144],"then":[145],"uses":[146],"these":[147],"results":[149],"align":[151],"hallucinated":[152],"outputs":[153],"toward":[154],"correct":[156],"answer,":[157],"encouraging":[158],"produce":[162],"consistent":[163],"accurate":[165],"predictions":[166],"Experiments":[170],"three":[172],"QA":[173],"datasets":[174],"improves":[178],"answer":[179],"accuracy,":[180],"consistency,":[182],"generalization":[184],"datasets,":[186],"retrievers,":[187],"input":[189],"lengths":[190],"compared":[191],"strong":[193],"baselines.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-23T06:14:38.165362","created_date":"2026-01-08T00:00:00"}