{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117241318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.20319","title":"Deep Learning Classification of EEG Responses to Multi-Dimensional Transcranial Electrical Stimulation","display_name":"Deep Learning Classification of EEG Responses to Multi-Dimensional Transcranial Electrical Stimulation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117241318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.20319"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.20319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.20319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.20319","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121279004","display_name":"Alexis Pomares Pastor","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pastor, Alexis Pomares","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029474702","display_name":"In\u00eas R. Violante","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-2901"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Violante, Ines Ribeiro","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029886401","display_name":"Gregory Scott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8063-5871"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott, Gregory","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121279004"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10614","display_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","score":0.7968999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10614","display_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","score":0.7968999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.12870000302791595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.010900000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6974999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation","display_name":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation","score":0.663100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurophysiology","display_name":"Neurophysiology","score":0.5849000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-brain-stimulation","display_name":"Deep brain stimulation","score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-mapping","display_name":"Brain mapping","score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-activity-and-meditation","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensory-system","display_name":"Sensory system","score":0.35600000619888306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6974999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778581513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263962","display_name":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation","level":3,"score":0.663100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152478114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660910","display_name":"Neurophysiology","level":2,"score":0.5849000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.5561000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778542668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618076","display_name":"Deep brain stimulation","level":4,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39559999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37880000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50231774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639842","display_name":"Brain mapping","level":2,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120843803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955807","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","level":3,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94487597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101","display_name":"Sensory system","level":2,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776861996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241849","display_name":"Sensory processing","level":3,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776286752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5272263","display_name":"Precentral gyrus","level":3,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985799443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955838","display_name":"Brain stimulation","level":3,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778811784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q956517","display_name":"Postcentral gyrus","level":3,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778170955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093388","display_name":"Minimally conscious state","level":3,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125990524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322921","display_name":"EEG-fMRI","level":3,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777470907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038781","display_name":"Angular gyrus","level":3,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777766275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1327643","display_name":"Functional electrical stimulation","level":3,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778373776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18696","display_name":"Motor cortex","level":3,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777670902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492038","display_name":"Human brain","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171525899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17029618","display_name":"Level of consciousness","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.20319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.20319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.20319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.20319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"major":[1],"shortcoming":[2],"of":[3,9,13,17,84,114,141,159],"medical":[4],"practice":[5],"is":[6,19,38,98,108],"the":[7,69,122,139,182,251],"lack":[8],"an":[10,40,111,186],"objective":[11,112],"measure":[12,113],"conscious":[14],"level.":[15],"Impairment":[16],"consciousness":[18,228],"common,":[20],"e.g.":[21,52],"following":[22],"brain":[23,85,115,151,189],"injury":[24],"and":[25,34,74,168,238,242,253,268],"seizures,":[26],"which":[27,97],"can":[28,63,118],"also":[29,39],"interfere":[30],"with":[31,262],"sensory":[32,72],"processing":[33],"volitional":[35],"responses.":[36,133],"This":[37],"important":[41],"pitfall":[42],"in":[43,80,244],"neurophysiological":[44],"methods":[45],"that":[46,117,170],"infer":[47],"awareness":[48],"via":[49],"command":[50],"following,":[51],"using":[53,144],"functional":[54],"MRI":[55],"or":[56,130],"electroencephalography":[57],"(EEG).":[58],"Transcranial":[59],"electrical":[60],"stimulation":[61,175],"(TES)":[62],"be":[64,119,247],"employed":[65],"to":[66,94,102,109,127,148,177,246],"non-invasively":[67],"stimulate":[68],"brain,":[70],"bypassing":[71],"inputs,":[73],"has":[75],"already":[76],"showed":[77],"promising":[78],"results":[79,261],"providing":[81],"reliable":[82,188],"indicators":[83],"state.":[86],"However,":[87],"current":[88,174],"non-invasive":[89],"solutions":[90],"have":[91],"been":[92],"limited":[93],"magnetic":[95],"stimulation,":[96],"not":[99],"easily":[100],"translatable":[101],"clinical":[103,231],"settings.":[104],"Our":[105],"long-term":[106],"vision":[107],"develop":[110],"state":[116],"used":[120,248],"at":[121,218],"bedside,":[123],"without":[124],"requiring":[125],"patients":[126],"understand":[128],"commands":[129],"initiate":[131],"motor":[132],"In":[134,233],"this":[135,192,234],"study,":[136],"we":[137,236],"demonstrated":[138],"feasibility":[140],"a":[142,155,201,224],"framework":[143,225],"Deep":[145],"Learning":[146],"algorithms":[147],"classify":[149],"EEG":[150],"responses":[152],"evoked":[153],"by":[154,250],"defined":[156],"multi-dimensional":[157],"pattern":[158],"TES.":[160],"We":[161],"collected":[162],"EEG-TES":[163],"data":[164,207],"from":[165,208],"11":[166],"participants":[167,209],"found":[169],"delivering":[171],"transcranial":[172],"direct":[173],"(tDCS)":[176],"posterior":[178],"cortical":[179],"areas":[180],"targeting":[181],"angular":[183],"gyrus":[184],"elicited":[185],"exceptionally":[187],"response.":[190],"For":[191],"paradigm,":[193],"our":[194,240,260],"best":[195],"Convolutional":[196],"Neural":[197],"Network":[198],"model":[199],"reached":[200],"92%":[202],"classification":[203],"F1-score":[204],"on":[205],"Holdout":[206],"never":[210],"seen":[211],"during":[212],"training,":[213],"significantly":[214],"surpassing":[215],"human-level":[216],"performance":[217],"60-70%":[219],"accuracy.":[220],"These":[221],"findings":[222],"establish":[223],"for":[226,230],"robust":[227],"measurement":[229],"use.":[232],"spirit,":[235],"documented":[237],"open-sourced":[239],"datasets":[241],"codebase":[243],"full,":[245],"freely":[249],"neuroscience":[252],"AI":[254],"research":[255],"communities,":[256],"who":[257],"may":[258],"replicate":[259],"free":[263],"tools":[264],"like":[265],"GitHub,":[266],"Kaggle,":[267],"Colab.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-25T23:15:44.422516","created_date":"2025-12-25T00:00:00"}