{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7111017496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.06660","title":"Towards Small Language Models for Security Query Generation in SOC Workflows","display_name":"Towards Small Language Models for Security Query Generation in SOC Workflows","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7111017496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.06660"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.06660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Muzammil, Saleha","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muzammil, Saleha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Reddy, Rahul","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reddy, Rahul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kamalakrishnan, Vishal","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamalakrishnan, Vishal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ahmadi, Hadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmadi, Hadi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hassan, Wajih Ul","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan, Wajih Ul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.35030001401901245,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.35030001401901245,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.12860000133514404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.06279999762773514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.6330999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.5485000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-control-language","display_name":"Data control language","score":0.52920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.4291999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-matching","display_name":"Semantic matching","score":0.33009999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8985000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.6330999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.5485000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32977378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q604737","display_name":"Data control language","level":5,"score":0.52920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.4291999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778493491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449072","display_name":"Semantic matching","level":3,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192028432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845739","display_name":"Query language","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227230","display_name":"Data access","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47607","display_name":"SQL","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143273055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2382794","display_name":"Delegate","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.06660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.06660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.06660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.06660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5887420177459717,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Analysts":[0],"in":[1,212],"Security":[2],"Operations":[3],"Centers":[4],"routinely":[5],"query":[6],"massive":[7],"telemetry":[8],"streams":[9],"using":[10],"Kusto":[11],"Query":[12],"Language":[13,36],"(KQL).":[14],"Writing":[15],"correct":[16],"KQL":[17],"requires":[18],"specialized":[19],"expertise,":[20],"and":[21,56,70,125,133,141,151,156,171,186],"this":[22],"dependency":[23],"creates":[24],"a":[25,50,96,104,115,126,205],"bottleneck":[26],"as":[27,204],"security":[28,213],"teams":[29],"scale.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32],"investigates":[33],"whether":[34],"Small":[35],"Models":[37],"(SLMs)":[38],"can":[39],"enable":[40],"accurate,":[41],"cost-effective":[42],"natural-language-to-KQL":[43],"translation":[44],"for":[45,65,122,130,209],"enterprise":[46],"security.":[47],"We":[48,135,175],"propose":[49,114],"three-knob":[51],"framework":[52,64],"targeting":[53],"prompting,":[54],"fine-tuning,":[55],"architecture":[57,117],"design.":[58],"First,":[59],"we":[60,84,113],"adapt":[61],"existing":[62],"NL2KQL":[63,161],"SLMs":[66,140,203],"with":[67,88,95],"lightweight":[68],"retrieval":[69],"introduce":[71],"error-aware":[72],"prompting":[73],"that":[74,118],"addresses":[75],"common":[76],"parser":[77],"failures":[78],"without":[79],"increasing":[80],"token":[81,157,198],"count.":[82],"Second,":[83],"apply":[85],"LoRA":[86],"fine-tuning":[87],"rationale":[89],"distillation,":[90],"augmenting":[91],"each":[92],"NLQ-KQL":[93],"pair":[94],"brief":[97],"chain-of-thought":[98],"explanation":[99],"to":[100,195],"transfer":[101],"reasoning":[102],"from":[103],"teacher":[105],"model":[106],"while":[107],"keeping":[108],"the":[109],"SLM":[110,121],"compact.":[111],"Third,":[112],"two-stage":[116,166],"uses":[119],"an":[120],"candidate":[123],"generation":[124],"low-cost":[127],"LLM":[128],"judge":[129],"schema-aware":[131],"refinement":[132],"selection.":[134],"evaluate":[136],"nine":[137],"models":[138],"(five":[139],"four":[142],"LLMs)":[143],"across":[144],"syntax":[145,170,185],"correctness,":[146],"semantic":[147,173,188],"accuracy,":[148],"table":[149],"selection,":[150],"filter":[152],"precision,":[153],"alongside":[154],"latency":[155],"cost.":[158],"On":[159],"Microsoft's":[160],"Defender":[162],"Evaluation":[163],"dataset,":[164],"our":[165],"approach":[167],"achieves":[168],"0.987":[169],"0.906":[172],"accuracy.":[174,189],"further":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"generalizability":[178],"on":[179],"Microsoft":[180],"Sentinel":[181],"data,":[182],"reaching":[183],"0.964":[184],"0.831":[187],"These":[190],"results":[191],"come":[192],"at":[193],"up":[194],"10x":[196],"lower":[197],"cost":[199],"than":[200],"GPT-5,":[201],"establishing":[202],"practical,":[206],"scalable":[207],"foundation":[208],"natural-language":[210],"querying":[211],"operations.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00"}