{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417026716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.03233","title":"Object Counting with GPT-4o and GPT-5: A Comparative Study","display_name":"Object Counting with GPT-4o and GPT-5: A Comparative Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417026716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.03233"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2512.03233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2512.03233","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.03233","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.03233","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120714175","display_name":"Richard F\u00fczess\u00e9ry","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F\u00fczess\u00e9ry, Richard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079064995","display_name":"Kaziwa Saleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3902-1063"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saleh, Kaziwa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024487424","display_name":"S\u00e1ndor Sz\u00e9n\u00e1si","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7292-0717"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sz\u00e9n\u00e1si, S\u00e1ndor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052074421","display_name":"Zolt\u00e1n V\u00e1mossy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6040-9954"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V\u00e1mossy, Zolt\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.23070000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.23070000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.13510000705718994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.12479999661445618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7226999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.644599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience-of-visual-object-recognition","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-model","display_name":"Object model","score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.32409998774528503}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7226999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6941999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.644599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4578999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20894473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1116105","display_name":"Object model","level":3,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019973339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899523","display_name":"Object based","level":3,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16592021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5177154","display_name":"Counting problem","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2512.03233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2512.03233","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.03233","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.03233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.03233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2512.03233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2512.03233","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.03233","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Zero-shot":[0],"object":[1,9,93],"counting":[2,21,44,69,94],"attempts":[3],"to":[4,12,41,79,91,127],"estimate":[5],"the":[6,16,20,43,63,81,108,122,128],"number":[7],"of":[8,33,65,84],"instances":[10],"belonging":[11],"novel":[13],"categories":[14],"that":[15,121],"vision":[17],"model":[18],"performing":[19],"has":[22],"never":[23],"encountered":[24],"during":[25],"training.":[26],"Existing":[27],"methods":[28],"typically":[29],"require":[30,38],"large":[31,47],"amount":[32],"annotated":[34],"data":[35,58],"and":[36,57,89,110,113],"often":[37],"visual":[39,82],"exemplars":[40],"guide":[42],"process.":[45],"However,":[46],"language":[48],"models":[49,106,123],"(LLMs)":[50],"are":[51],"powerful":[52],"tools":[53],"with":[54],"remarkable":[55],"reasoning":[56],"understanding":[59],"abilities,":[60],"which":[61],"suggest":[62],"possibility":[64],"utilizing":[66],"them":[67],"for":[68],"tasks":[70],"without":[71],"any":[72],"supervision.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"work":[76],"we":[77],"aim":[78],"leverage":[80],"capabilities":[83],"two":[85],"multi-modal":[86],"LLMs,":[87],"GPT-4o":[88],"GPT-5,":[90],"perform":[92],"in":[95,134],"a":[96,115],"zero-shot":[97,130],"manner":[98],"using":[99],"only":[100],"textual":[101],"prompts.":[102],"We":[103],"evaluate":[104],"both":[105],"on":[107,132],"FSC-147":[109],"CARPK":[111],"datasets":[112],"provide":[114],"comparative":[116],"analysis.":[117],"Our":[118],"findings":[119],"show":[120],"achieve":[124],"performance":[125],"comparable":[126],"state-of-the-art":[129],"approaches":[131],"FSC-147,":[133],"some":[135],"cases,":[136],"even":[137],"surpass":[138],"them.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2025-12-05T00:00:00"}