{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416549866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.15719","title":"Chain of Summaries: Summarization Through Iterative Questioning","display_name":"Chain of Summaries: Summarization Through Iterative Questioning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416549866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.15719"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2511.15719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2511.15719","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.15719","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.15719","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116057110","display_name":"William Brach","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brach, William","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ko\u0161\u0165\u00e1l, Kristi\u00e1n","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ko\u0161\u0165\u00e1l, Kristi\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Poech, Lukas Galke","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Poech, Lukas Galke","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5116057110"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.4562999904155731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.4562999904155731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.11829999834299088,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.05299999937415123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-summarization","display_name":"Automatic summarization","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6492999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain","display_name":"Chain (unit)","score":0.47429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downstream","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yield","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.2759999930858612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6492999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.47429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4706999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777889803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25047676","display_name":"Named entity","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1173588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554294","display_name":"Link analysis","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2511.15719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2511.15719","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.15719","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.15719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.15719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.15719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2511.15719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2511.15719","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.15719","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4],"increasingly":[5],"using":[6],"external":[7],"web":[8,49],"content.":[9,50],"However,":[10],"much":[11],"of":[12,27,48,61,118],"this":[13,32],"content":[14,163],"is":[15],"not":[16],"easily":[17],"digestible":[18],"by":[19,52,70,107,123],"LLMs":[20],"due":[21],"to":[22,78,109,125,134,146,160],"LLM-unfriendly":[23],"formats":[24],"and":[25,87,97,111,121,143],"limitations":[26,73],"context":[28],"length.":[29],"To":[30],"address":[31],"issue,":[33],"we":[34],"propose":[35],"a":[36,79],"method":[37],"for":[38,157,166,171],"generating":[39],"general-purpose,":[40],"information-dense":[41],"summaries":[42,128],"that":[43,83,101],"act":[44],"as":[45,59,116],"plain-text":[46],"repositories":[47],"Inspired":[51],"Hegel's":[53],"dialectical":[54],"method,":[55],"our":[56],"approach,":[57],"denoted":[58],"Chain":[60,117],"Summaries":[62],"(CoS),":[63],"iteratively":[64],"refines":[65],"an":[66,154],"initial":[67],"summary":[68,81],"(thesis)":[69],"identifying":[71],"its":[72],"through":[74],"questioning":[75],"(antithesis),":[76],"leading":[77],"general-purpose":[80],"(synthesis)":[82],"can":[84],"satisfy":[85],"current":[86],"anticipate":[88],"future":[89],"information":[90],"needs.":[91],"Experiments":[92],"on":[93],"the":[94,135,147],"TriviaQA,":[95],"TruthfulQA,":[96],"SQUAD":[98],"datasets":[99],"demonstrate":[100],"CoS":[102,151],"outperforms":[103],"zero-shot":[104],"LLM":[105],"baselines":[106],"up":[108,124],"66\\%":[110],"specialized":[112],"summarization":[113],"methods":[114],"such":[115],"Density,":[119],"BRIO":[120],"PEGASUS":[122],"27\\%.":[126],"CoS-generated":[127],"yield":[129],"higher":[130],"Q\\&amp;A":[131],"performance":[132],"compared":[133],"source":[136],"content,":[137],"while":[138,168],"requiring":[139],"substantially":[140],"fewer":[141],"tokens":[142],"being":[144],"agnostic":[145],"specific":[148],"downstream":[149],"LLM.":[150],"thus":[152],"resembles":[153],"appealing":[155],"option":[156],"website":[158],"maintainers":[159],"make":[161],"their":[162],"more":[164],"accessible":[165],"LLMs,":[167],"retaining":[169],"possibilities":[170],"human":[172],"oversight.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}
