{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416351845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.11810","title":"On the Notion that Language Models Reason","display_name":"On the Notion that Language Models Reason","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416351845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.11810"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/d47093be-bcbb-4b7b-b969-cfb4402f02ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.itu.dk/portal/da/publications/d47093be-bcbb-4b7b-b969-cfb4402f02ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196680","display_name":"IT University Of Copenhagen (IT University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83467386","host_organization_name":"IT University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83467386"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"H\u00f8jer, B 2025, 'On the Notion that Language Models Reason'. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2511.11810","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.itu.dk/portal/da/publications/d47093be-bcbb-4b7b-b969-cfb4402f02ee","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120362767","display_name":"Bertram H\u00f8jer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H\u00f8jer, Bertram","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120362767"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.2442999929189682,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.2442999929189682,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.12680000066757202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.06239999830722809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5145000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5027999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.44530001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.43369999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.38179999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.3452000021934509}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6758000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5145000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5056999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5027999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.44530001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43369999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.38179999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20693621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6667502","display_name":"Logical framework","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21847791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191081","display_name":"Logical conjunction","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32254414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4724364","display_name":"Algorithmic learning theory","level":3,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123556308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484761","display_name":"Philosophy of language","level":3,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143587482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543216","display_name":"Iterative and incremental development","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134261354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical inference","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/d47093be-bcbb-4b7b-b969-cfb4402f02ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.itu.dk/portal/da/publications/d47093be-bcbb-4b7b-b969-cfb4402f02ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196680","display_name":"IT University Of Copenhagen (IT University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83467386","host_organization_name":"IT University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83467386"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"H\u00f8jer, B 2025, 'On the Notion that Language Models Reason'. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2511.11810","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2511.11810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2511.11810","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.11810","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.11810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.11810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/d47093be-bcbb-4b7b-b969-cfb4402f02ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.itu.dk/portal/da/publications/d47093be-bcbb-4b7b-b969-cfb4402f02ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196680","display_name":"IT University Of Copenhagen (IT University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83467386","host_organization_name":"IT University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83467386"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"H\u00f8jer, B 2025, 'On the Notion that Language Models Reason'. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2511.11810","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Language":[0],"models":[1],"(LMs)":[2],"are":[3,40,46,111,171],"said":[4],"to":[5,73,83,141],"be":[6],"exhibiting":[7],"reasoning,":[8],"but":[9],"what":[10],"does":[11],"this":[12,56,78],"entail?":[13],"We":[14,149],"assess":[15],"definitions":[16,38],"of":[17,26,98,106,134,156,161],"reasoning":[18],"and":[19,34,50,86,115,119,166],"how":[20,44,142,157],"key":[21],"papers":[22],"in":[23,90,129,147,168],"the":[24,32,37,60,91,96,107,154,158,162],"field":[25],"natural":[27],"language":[28],"processing":[29],"(NLP)":[30],"use":[31],"notion":[33],"argue":[35],"that":[36,62,109,123],"provided":[39],"not":[41,116],"consistent":[42],"with":[43],"LMs":[45,64,110,130],"trained,":[47],"process":[48],"information,":[49],"generate":[51],"new":[52],"tokens.":[53],"To":[54],"illustrate":[55],"incommensurability":[57],"we":[58,164],"assume":[59],"view":[61,103],"transformer-based":[63],"implement":[65],"an":[66],"\\textit{implicit}":[67],"finite-order":[68],"Markov":[69],"kernel":[70,93],"mapping":[71],"contexts":[72],"conditional":[74],"token":[75],"distributions.":[76],"In":[77],"view,":[79],"reasoning-like":[80,126],"outputs":[81,127],"correspond":[82],"statistical":[84,88],"regularities":[85],"approximate":[87],"invariances":[89],"learned":[92],"rather":[94],"than":[95],"implementation":[97],"explicit":[99],"logical":[100,135],"mechanisms.":[101],"This":[102,137],"is":[104,139,145],"illustrative":[105],"claim":[108],"\"statistical":[112],"pattern":[113],"matchers\"\"":[114],"genuine":[117],"reasoners":[118],"provides":[120],"a":[121,151],"perspective":[122],"clarifies":[124],"why":[125],"arise":[128],"without":[131],"any":[132],"guarantees":[133],"consistency.":[136],"distinction":[138],"fundamental":[140],"epistemic":[143],"uncertainty":[144],"evaluated":[146],"LMs.":[148],"invite":[150],"discussion":[152],"on":[153],"importance":[155],"computational":[159],"processes":[160],"systems":[163],"build":[165],"analyze":[167],"NLP":[169],"research":[170],"described.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-11-19T00:00:00"}