{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416189487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.07698","title":"Smart but Costly? Benchmarking LLMs on Functional Accuracy and Energy Efficiency","display_name":"Smart but Costly? Benchmarking LLMs on Functional Accuracy and Energy Efficiency","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416189487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.07698"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2511.07698","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2511.07698","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.07698","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.07698","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120496281","display_name":"Mohammadjavad Mehditabar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mehditabar, Mohammadjavad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019136876","display_name":"Saurabhsingh Rajput","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4630-2288"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajput, Saurabhsingh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069505458","display_name":"Antonio Mastropaolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7965-7712"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mastropaolo, Antonio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023044082","display_name":"Tushar Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0538-052X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharma, Tushar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120496281"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.367900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.367900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.30809998512268066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.035100001841783524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.7545999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-summarization","display_name":"Automatic summarization","score":0.7124999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6963000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.45910000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.44920000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictability","display_name":"Predictability","score":0.3837999999523163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7545999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.7124999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6963000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.690500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.45910000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.44920000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197640229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534066","display_name":"Predictability","level":2,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.3531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63000827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428","display_name":"Software portability","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82214349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339","display_name":"Software metric","level":5,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75027835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064746","display_name":"Green computing","level":3,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2511.07698","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2511.07698","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.07698","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.07698","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.07698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2511.07698","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2511.07698","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.07698","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,222],"rapid":[1],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,17,63,160],"AI":[4],"technologies":[5],"and":[6,66,81,93,112,127,134,163,187],"their":[7,18,155,204,211],"accelerated":[8],"adoption":[9],"in":[10,30,43,138,158,173],"software":[11],"development":[12],"necessitates":[13],"a":[14,53,60,131,139,151,185,200],"systematic":[15,37],"evaluation":[16,116,251],"environmental":[19],"impact":[20,202],"alongside":[21],"functional":[22,67,164],"correctness.":[23,165],"While":[24],"prior":[25],"studies":[26],"have":[27,199],"examined":[28],"sustainability":[29,235],"large":[31],"language":[32],"models,":[33],"existing":[34],"approaches":[35],"lack":[36],"frameworks":[38],"for":[39,244,249],"evaluating":[40],"accuracy-energy":[41],"trade-offs":[42,106,119],"Code":[44],"Language":[45],"Models":[46],"(CLMs).":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49],"paper,":[50],"we":[51,192],"present":[52],"framework,":[54],"BRACE,":[55],"to":[56,70,95,110,147,183,228],"benchmark":[57,74],"CLMs":[58],"on":[59,78,150,203,219,254],"unified":[61],"scale":[62,153],"energy":[64,126,161],"efficiency":[65,162],"correctness":[68],"(referred":[69],"as":[71,178],"accuracy).":[72],"We":[73],"22":[75],"state-of-the-art":[76],"models":[77,169,209],"code":[79,175],"generation":[80],"summarization":[82,176],"tasks,":[83],"proposing":[84],"two":[85],"rating":[86,143,240],"methods:":[87],"Concentric":[88],"Incremental":[89],"Rating":[90,97],"Circles":[91],"(CIRC)":[92],"Observation":[94],"Expectation":[96],"(OTER).":[98],"CIRC":[99,243],"provides":[100],"deterministic":[101,245],"Euclidean-based":[102],"rankings":[103],"with":[104,117,236],"static":[105],"that":[107,120,194,207,233],"are":[108,180],"robust":[109],"outliers,":[111],"OTER":[113,248],"offers":[114],"trend-aware":[115,250],"dynamic":[118],"capture":[121],"the":[122,136,174],"complex":[123],"correlation":[124],"between":[125],"accuracy,":[128],"each":[129],"offering":[130],"distinct":[132],"perspective":[133],"addressing":[135],"problem":[137],"unique":[140],"way.":[141],"These":[142],"methods":[144],"enable":[145],"us":[146],"rate":[148],"LLMs":[149],"1-5":[152],"reflecting":[154],"combined":[156],"capabilities":[157],"terms":[159],"Our":[166],"analysis":[167],"reveals":[168],"generally":[170],"perform":[171],"better":[172],"tasks":[177],"they":[179,214],"not":[181,198],"enforced":[182],"generate":[184],"grammar-based":[186],"syntactically":[188],"correct":[189],"output.":[190],"Also,":[191],"find":[193],"models'":[195],"size":[196],"does":[197],"significant":[201],"ratings,":[205],"indicating":[206],"if":[208],"utilize":[210],"parameters":[212],"efficiently,":[213],"can":[215],"be":[216],"ranked":[217],"higher":[218],"these":[220],"scales.":[221],"proposed":[223],"BRACE":[224],"framework":[225],"empowers":[226],"practitioners":[227],"make":[229],"evidence-based":[230],"model":[231],"selections":[232],"balance":[234],"task":[237],"requirements,":[238],"guiding":[239],"choice":[241],"--":[242,252],"comparisons":[246],"or":[247],"based":[253],"deployment":[255],"priorities.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-11-13T00:00:00"}
