{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7104857577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.06398","title":"Dynamic Electric Vehicle Charging Pricing for Load Balancing in Power Distribution Networks based on Collaborative DDPG Agents","display_name":"Dynamic Electric Vehicle Charging Pricing for Load Balancing in Power Distribution Networks based on Collaborative DDPG Agents","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7104857577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.06398"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.06398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.06398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.06398","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lepolesa, Leloko J.","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lepolesa, Leloko J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Adetunji, Kayode E.","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adetunji, Kayode E.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ouahada, Khmaies","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ouahada, Khmaies","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liu, Zhenqing","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Zhenqing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cheng, Ling","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9516000151634216,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9516000151634216,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.012799999676644802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.01209999993443489,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.6775000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.5507000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-pricing","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","score":0.5023999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.47530001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-profile","display_name":"Load profile","score":0.4309000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4043000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.3856000006198883}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.6775000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.612500011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.5507000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779391423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17009728","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","level":2,"score":0.5023999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.47530001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777908891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806775","display_name":"Load profile","level":3,"score":0.4309000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4043000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3986000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.3646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779607880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2140665","display_name":"Charging station","level":4,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019591417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575614","display_name":"Load distribution","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019828297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575614","display_name":"Load sharing","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77715397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931447","display_name":"Electrical load","level":3,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986219281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844861","display_name":"Distribution grid","level":3,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.06398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.06398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.06398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.06398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,201],"transition":[1],"from":[2,63],"the":[3,10,19,35,41,46,61,64,81,121,126,140,158,166,169,173,181,217,220,226,230],"Internal":[4],"Combustion":[5],"Engine":[6],"Vehicles":[7,12],"(ICEVs)":[8],"to":[9,17,59,138,150,156,176,225],"Electric":[11],"(EVs)":[13],"is":[14,204],"globally":[15],"recommended":[16],"combat":[18],"unfavourable":[20],"environmental":[21,99],"conditions":[22],"caused":[23],"by":[24],"reliance":[25],"on":[26,97,232],"fossil":[27],"fuels.":[28],"However,":[29],"it":[30],"has":[31],"been":[32],"established":[33],"that":[34,54,79],"charging":[36,65,76,108,144],"of":[37,66,112,120,183,216,229],"EVs":[38],"can":[39],"destabilize":[40],"grid":[42,218,231],"when":[43],"they":[44],"penetrate":[45],"market":[47],"in":[48,52,114,117,172],"large":[49],"numbers,":[50],"especially":[51],"grids":[53],"were":[55],"not":[56],"initially":[57],"built":[58],"handle":[60],"load":[62,87,91,129,152],"EVs.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69,199],"work,":[70],"we":[71,123],"present":[72],"a":[73,233],"dynamic":[74,142],"EV":[75,107,143,208],"pricing":[77],"strategy":[78],"fulfills":[80],"following":[82],"three":[83],"objectives:":[84],"distribution":[85,94,111,127,170,221],"network-level":[86],"peak-shaving,":[88],"valley-filling,":[89],"and":[90,110,131,154,192],"balancing":[92],"across":[93],"networks.":[95],"Based":[96],"historical":[98],"variables":[100],"such":[101],"as":[102],"temperature,":[103],"humidity,":[104],"wind":[105],"speed,":[106],"prices":[109],"vehicles":[113],"different":[115,118],"areas":[116],"times":[119],"day,":[122],"first":[124],"forecast":[125],"network":[128,222],"demand,":[130],"then":[132],"use":[133],"deep":[134],"reinforcement":[135],"learning":[136],"approach":[137],"set":[139],"optimal":[141,227],"price.":[145],"While":[146],"most":[147],"research":[148],"seeks":[149],"achieve":[151],"peak-shaving":[153],"valley-filling":[155],"stabilize":[157],"grid,":[159],"our":[160],"work":[161],"goes":[162],"further":[163],"into":[164],"exploring":[165],"load-balancing":[167],"between":[168],"networks":[171],"close":[174],"vicinity":[175],"each":[177],"other.":[178],"We":[179],"compare":[180],"performance":[182],"Deep":[184],"Deterministic":[185],"Policy":[186,194],"Gradient":[187],"(DDPG),":[188],"Soft":[189],"Actor-Critic":[190],"(SAC)":[191],"Proximal":[193],"Optimization":[195],"(PPO)":[196],"algorithms":[197],"for":[198,206],"purpose.":[200],"best":[202],"algorithm":[203],"used":[205],"dymamic":[207],"pricing.":[209],"Simulation":[210],"results":[211],"show":[212],"an":[213],"improved":[214],"utilization":[215],"at":[219],"level,":[223],"leading":[224],"usage":[228],"larger":[234],"scale.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2025-11-12T00:00:00"}