{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415950440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.16229","title":"C/N0 Analysis-Based GPS Spoofing Detection with Variable Antenna Orientations","display_name":"C/N0 Analysis-Based GPS Spoofing Detection with Variable Antenna Orientations","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415950440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.16229"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2510.16229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2510.16229","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.16229","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.16229","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071034490","display_name":"V. Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li, Vienna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000789406","display_name":"Justin Villa","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Villa, Justin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120276469","display_name":"Dan Diessner","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diessner, Dan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046816497","display_name":"Jayson Clifford","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clifford, Jayson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008970195","display_name":"Laxima Niure Kandel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3933-1187"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kandel, Laxima Niure","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071034490"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.8677999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.8677999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.03269999846816063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.015799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.955299973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.679099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation","display_name":"Aviation","score":0.510200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.39250001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.313400000333786}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.955299973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.679099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.579800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74448152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633","display_name":"Aviation","level":2,"score":0.510200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.39250001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C538199239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640853","display_name":"Aviation safety","level":3,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987779331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486497","display_name":"Gps receiver","level":4,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530343408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413038","display_name":"Radio navigation","level":3,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200499919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616896","display_name":"Dilution of precision","level":4,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2510.16229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2510.16229","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.16229","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.16229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.16229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2510.16229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2510.16229","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.16229","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"GPS":[0,142],"spoofing":[1,22,101,121,143],"poses":[2],"a":[3,20,40,45,91],"growing":[4],"threat":[5],"to":[6,117,133],"aviation":[7,146],"by":[8],"falsifying":[9],"satellite":[10,28,47],"signals":[11,89],"and":[12,44,60,67,147],"misleading":[13],"aircraft":[14],"navigation":[15],"systems.":[16,149],"This":[17],"paper":[18],"demonstrates":[19],"proof-of-concept":[21],"detection":[23],"strategy":[24],"based":[25],"on":[26],"analyzing":[27],"Carrier-to-Noise":[29],"Density":[30],"Ratio":[31],"(C/N$_0$)":[32],"variation":[33],"during":[34],"controlled":[35],"static":[36],"antenna":[37,55],"orientations.":[38],"Using":[39],"u-blox":[41],"EVK-M8U":[42],"receiver":[43],"GPSG-1000":[46],"simulator,":[48],"C/N$_0$":[49,77,107,115,135],"data":[50],"is":[51],"collected":[52],"under":[53,74],"three":[54],"orientations":[56,112],"flat,":[57],"banked":[58,61,111],"right,":[59],"left)":[62],"in":[63],"both":[64,110],"real-sky":[65],"(non-spoofed)":[66],"spoofed":[68,88],"environments.":[69],"Our":[70],"findings":[71,124],"reveal":[72],"that":[73,126],"non-spoofed":[75],"signals,":[76],"values":[78],"fluctuate":[79],"naturally":[80],"with":[81,119],"orientation,":[82,96],"reflecting":[83],"true":[84],"geometric":[85],"dependencies.":[86],"However,":[87],"demonstrate":[90],"distinct":[92],"pattern:":[93],"the":[94,100,105,120],"flat":[95],"which":[97],"directly":[98],"faces":[99],"antenna,":[102],"consistently":[103],"yielded":[104],"highest":[106],"values,":[108],"while":[109],"showed":[113],"reduced":[114],"due":[116],"misalignment":[118],"source.":[122],"These":[123],"suggest":[125],"simple":[127],"maneuvers":[128],"such":[129],"as":[130],"brief":[131],"banking":[132],"induce":[134],"variations":[136],"can":[137],"provide":[138],"early":[139],"cues":[140],"of":[141],"for":[144],"general":[145],"UAV":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-22T00:00:00"}