{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415331114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.22762","title":"TRUSTCHECKPOINTS: Time Betrays Malware for Unconditional Software Root of Trust","display_name":"TRUSTCHECKPOINTS: Time Betrays Malware for Unconditional Software Root of Trust","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415331114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.22762"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.22762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22762","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.22762","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.22762","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030141652","display_name":"Friedrich Doku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0181-1043"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Doku, Friedrich","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077304920","display_name":"Peter A. Dinda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5315-5987"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dinda, Peter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.7652999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.7103999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","score":0.6406999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5648999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-cause","display_name":"Root cause","score":0.5458999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-computing-base","display_name":"Trusted computing base","score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swap","display_name":"Swap (finance)","score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4575999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-computing","display_name":"Trusted Computing","score":0.4462999999523163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8180999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.7652999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.7103999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171078966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6406999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5648999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84945661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7366567","display_name":"Root cause","level":2,"score":0.5458999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147346212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5492632","display_name":"Trusted computing base","level":4,"score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99821215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136583","display_name":"Swap (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4575999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776831232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966812","display_name":"Trusted Computing","level":2,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536060405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q226264","display_name":"BIOS","level":2,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109751979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q998767","display_name":"Failover","level":2,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154800190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16941470","display_name":"Trust anchor","level":4,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22174128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175869","display_name":"Microcode","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.22762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22762","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.22762","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.22762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.22762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.22762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22762","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.22762","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"IoT":[1],"and":[2,20,51,92,98,183,191],"embedded":[3],"platforms":[4],"must":[5,133],"start":[6],"execution":[7],"from":[8],"a":[9,28,77,89,141,148],"known":[10],"trusted":[11,85],"state":[12],"to":[13,26,67,96,101,130,166,177],"thwart":[14],"malware,":[15],"ensure":[16],"secure":[17,38],"firmware":[18],"updates,":[19],"protect":[21],"critical":[22],"infrastructure.":[23],"Current":[24],"approaches":[25],"establish":[27,68],"root":[29,72],"of":[30,73,156],"trust":[31,74,176],"depend":[32],"on":[33,53,76,82,197],"secret":[34],"keys":[35],"and/or":[36],"specialized":[37],"hardware,":[39],"which":[40],"drives":[41],"up":[42],"costs,":[43],"may":[44],"involve":[45],"third":[46],"parties,":[47],"adds":[48],"operational":[49],"complexity,":[50],"relies":[52],"assumptions":[54],"about":[55],"an":[56,69,102],"attacker's":[57],"computational":[58],"power.":[59],"In":[60],"contrast,":[61],"TRUSTCHECKPOINTS":[62],"is":[63],"the":[64,119],"first":[65],"system":[66],"unconditional":[70],"software":[71],"based":[75],"formal":[78],"model":[79],"without":[80],"relying":[81],"secrets":[83],"or":[84],"hardware.":[86,199],"Developers":[87],"capture":[88],"full-system":[90],"checkpoint":[91],"later":[93],"roll":[94],"back":[95],"it":[97,132],"prove":[99],"this":[100],"external":[103],"verifier.":[104],"The":[105,171],"verifier":[106],"issues":[107],"timing-constrained,":[108],"randomized":[109,124],"k-independent":[110],"polynomial":[111],"challenges":[112],"(via":[113],"Horner's":[114],"rule)":[115],"that":[116],"repeatedly":[117],"scan":[118],"fast":[120],"on-chip":[121],"memory":[122],"in":[123,158],"passes.":[125],"When":[126],"malicious":[127],"code":[128],"attempts":[129],"persist,":[131],"swap":[134],"into":[135],"slower,":[136],"unchecked":[137],"off-chip":[138],"storage,":[139],"causing":[140],"detectable":[142],"timing":[143],"delay.":[144],"Our":[145],"prototype":[146,172],"for":[147],"commodity":[149],"ARM":[150],"Cortex-A53-based":[151],"platform":[152],"validates":[153],"192":[154],"KB":[155],"SRAM":[157],"approximately":[159],"10":[160],"s":[161],"using":[162],"500":[163],"passes,":[164],"sufficient":[165],"detect":[167],"single-instruction":[168],"persistent":[169],"malware.":[170],"then":[173],"seamlessly":[174],"extends":[175],"DRAM.":[178],"Two":[179],"modes":[180],"(fast":[181],"SRAM-bootstrap":[182],"comprehensive":[184],"full-memory":[185],"scan)":[186],"allow":[187],"trade-offs":[188],"between":[189],"speed":[190],"coverage,":[192],"demonstrating":[193],"reliable":[194],"malware":[195],"detection":[196],"unmodified":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2025-10-19T00:00:00"}