{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6948233415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.06978","title":"SSD Offloading for LLM Mixture-of-Experts Weights Considered Harmful in Energy Efficiency","display_name":"SSD Offloading for LLM Mixture-of-Experts Weights Considered Harmful in Energy Efficiency","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6948233415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.06978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.06978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.06978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.06978","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kyung, Kwanhee","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyung, Kwanhee","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yun, Sungmin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun, Sungmin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ahn, Jung Ho","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahn, Jung Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11155","display_name":"Toxoplasma gondii Research Studies","score":0.900600016117096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2405","display_name":"Parasitology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11155","display_name":"Toxoplasma gondii Research Studies","score":0.900600016117096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2405","display_name":"Parasitology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12223","display_name":"Leptospirosis research and findings","score":0.0066999997943639755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2405","display_name":"Parasitology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5942999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5185999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-memory","display_name":"Flash memory","score":0.42489999532699585}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7634000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5942999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5185999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.5105999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776531357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174077","display_name":"Flash memory","level":2,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118702147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189396","display_name":"Dynamic random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110253651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5377034","display_name":"Energy current","level":3,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.06978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.06978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.06978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.06978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9032620191574097}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"applying":[4],"Mixture-of-Experts":[5],"(MoE)":[6],"scale":[7],"to":[8,21,29,62,92,103,106],"trillions":[9],"of":[10,19,48,57,69,142,160],"parameters":[11],"but":[12],"require":[13],"vast":[14],"memory,":[15],"motivating":[16],"a":[17],"line":[18],"research":[20],"offload":[22],"expert":[23,60],"weights":[24,61,91],"from":[25],"fast-but-small":[26],"DRAM":[27],"(HBM)":[28],"denser":[30],"Flash":[31,151],"SSDs.":[32],"While":[33],"SSDs":[34,63,94,148],"provide":[35],"cost-effective":[36],"capacity,":[37],"their":[38],"read":[39,152],"energy":[40,55,98,114,129,153],"per":[41],"bit":[42],"is":[43],"substantially":[44],"higher":[45],"than":[46],"that":[47,88,138],"DRAM.":[49],"This":[50],"paper":[51],"quantitatively":[52],"analyzes":[53],"the":[54,65,107,111,139],"implications":[56],"offloading":[58,89],"MoE":[59,90,143],"during":[64],"critical":[66],"decode":[67],"stage":[68],"LLM":[70],"inference.":[71],"Our":[72],"analysis,":[73],"comparing":[74],"SSD,":[75],"CPU":[76],"memory":[77],"(DDR),":[78],"and":[79],"HBM":[80,108],"storage":[81],"scenarios":[82],"for":[83],"models":[84,144],"like":[85,118],"DeepSeek-R1,":[86],"reveals":[87],"current":[93],"drastically":[95],"increases":[96],"per-token-generation":[97],"consumption":[99],"(e.g.,":[100],"by":[101,157],"up":[102],"~12x":[104],"compared":[105],"baseline),":[109],"dominating":[110],"total":[112],"inference":[113],"budget.":[115],"Although":[116],"techniques":[117],"prefetching":[119],"effectively":[120],"hide":[121],"access":[122],"latency,":[123],"they":[124],"cannot":[125],"mitigate":[126],"this":[127],"fundamental":[128],"penalty.":[130],"We":[131],"further":[132],"explore":[133],"future":[134],"technological":[135],"scaling,":[136],"finding":[137],"inherent":[140],"sparsity":[141],"could":[145],"potentially":[146],"make":[147],"energy-viable":[149],"if":[150],"improves":[154],"significantly,":[155],"roughly":[156],"an":[158],"order":[159],"magnitude.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T06:51:31.235846","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}