{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417080386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.06972","title":"DSperse: A Framework for Targeted Verification in Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning","display_name":"DSperse: A Framework for Targeted Verification in Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417080386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.06972"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2508.06972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.06972","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.06972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.06972","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109746965","display_name":"Dan Ivanov","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivanov, Dan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057342321","display_name":"Tristan Freiberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Freiberg, Tristan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shahabi, Shirin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahabi, Shirin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080362408","display_name":"Jonathan Gold","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gold, Jonathan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041098845","display_name":"Haruna Isah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3629-152X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isah, Haruna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.6140000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.6140000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.07689999788999557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.07079999893903732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5909000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.5752000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5450999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.5231000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.4251999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-verification","display_name":"Functional verification","score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.36579999327659607}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7706999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5909000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.5752000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5476999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5450999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.5231000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.520799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.4251999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62460635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5508853","display_name":"Functional verification","level":3,"score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3406870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044160","display_name":"Intelligent verification","level":5,"score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.35280001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202973057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380130","display_name":"Runtime verification","level":3,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88977235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787114","display_name":"Abstract machine","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2508.06972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.06972","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.06972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.06972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.06972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2508.06972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.06972","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.06972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"DSperse":[0,24,89,122],"is":[1],"a":[2,69],"modular":[3],"framework":[4],"for":[5],"distributed":[6,20],"machine":[7,22],"learning":[8],"inference":[9,54],"with":[10,56,117],"strategic":[11],"cryptographic":[12],"verification.":[13],"Operating":[14],"within":[15],"the":[16,26,53,79,84,118],"emerging":[17],"paradigm":[18],"of":[19,31,38,52,72],"zero-knowledge":[21,76],"learning,":[23],"avoids":[25],"high":[27],"cost":[28],"and":[29,94,102,107],"rigidity":[30],"full-model":[32],"circuitization":[33],"by":[34],"enabling":[35],"targeted":[36,125],"verification":[37,126],"strategically":[39],"chosen":[40],"subcomputations.":[41],"These":[42],"verifiable":[43],"segments,":[44],"or":[45,50,63],"\"slices\",":[46],"may":[47],"cover":[48],"part":[49],"all":[51],"pipeline,":[55],"global":[57],"consistency":[58],"enforced":[59],"through":[60],"audit,":[61],"replication,":[62],"economic":[64],"incentives.":[65],"This":[66],"architecture":[67],"supports":[68,123],"pragmatic":[70],"form":[71],"trust":[73],"minimization,":[74],"localizing":[75],"proofs":[77],"to":[78,114,129],"components":[80],"where":[81],"they":[82],"provide":[83],"greatest":[85],"value.":[86],"We":[87],"evaluate":[88],"using":[90],"multiple":[91],"proving":[92],"systems":[93],"report":[95],"empirical":[96],"results":[97],"on":[98],"memory":[99],"usage,":[100],"runtime,":[101],"circuit":[103],"behavior":[104],"under":[105],"sliced":[106],"unsliced":[108],"configurations.":[109],"By":[110],"allowing":[111],"proof":[112],"boundaries":[113],"align":[115],"flexibly":[116],"model's":[119],"logical":[120],"structure,":[121],"scalable,":[124],"strategies":[127],"suited":[128],"diverse":[130],"deployment":[131],"needs.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
