{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7077048861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.20419","title":"Survey of NLU Benchmarks Diagnosing Linguistic Phenomena: Why not Standardize Diagnostics Benchmarks?","display_name":"Survey of NLU Benchmarks Diagnosing Linguistic Phenomena: Why not Standardize Diagnostics Benchmarks?","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7077048861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.20419"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.20419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.20419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.20419","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jallad, Khloud AL","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jallad, Khloud AL","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ghneim, Nada","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghneim, Nada","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rebdawi, Ghaida","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebdawi, Ghaida","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.6772000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.6772000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.030700000002980232,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14311","display_name":"Electrical and Electromagnetic Research","score":0.01720000058412552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.6643000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5755000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4742000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.35830000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7035999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.6643000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5755000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4754999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4742000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197947376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155608","display_name":"Comparability","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.20419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.20419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.20419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.20419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5632016658782959,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Natural":[0,9],"Language":[1,10],"Understanding":[2],"(NLU)":[3],"is":[4,141],"a":[5,20,72,81,93,108,152,165,199,216],"basic":[6],"task":[7],"in":[8,27,33,46,121,134,195,209,214,222],"Processing":[11],"(NLP).":[12],"The":[13],"evaluation":[14,170,174,183,188,228,232],"of":[15,36,52,75,84,113,155,172,204,244],"NLU":[16,90,123,187],"capabilities":[17],"has":[18],"become":[19],"trending":[21],"research":[22,166],"topic":[23],"that":[24,139,158,226],"attracts":[25],"researchers":[26],"the":[28,34,50,101,132,135,169,173,186,205,242,245],"last":[29],"few":[30],"years,":[31],"resulting":[32],"development":[35],"numerous":[37],"benchmarks.":[38,251],"These":[39],"benchmarks":[40,60],"include":[41],"various":[42],"tasks":[43,124],"and":[44,67,88,100,111,119,125,147,202],"datasets":[45,63,99],"order":[47,210],"to":[48,192,211,236],"evaluate":[49],"results":[51,243],"pretrained":[53],"models":[54,247],"via":[55],"public":[56],"leaderboards.":[57],"Notably,":[58],"several":[59],"contain":[61],"diagnostics":[62,98,175,189,231,250],"designed":[64],"for":[65,145,185,219,230],"investigation":[66],"fine-grained":[68],"error":[69,128],"analysis":[70,112,201],"across":[71],"wide":[73],"range":[74],"linguistic":[76,102,156,207,220],"phenomena.":[77],"This":[78],"survey":[79],"provides":[80],"comprehensive":[82],"review":[83],"available":[85],"English,":[86],"Arabic,":[87],"Multilingual":[89],"benchmarks,":[91,115],"with":[92],"particular":[94],"emphasis":[95],"on":[96,248],"their":[97,117],"phenomena":[103,157,208,221],"they":[104],"covered.":[105,161],"We":[106,197,224],"present":[107],"detailed":[109],"comparison":[110],"these":[114],"highlighting":[116,131],"strengths":[118],"limitations":[120],"evaluating":[122],"providing":[126],"in-depth":[127],"analysis.":[129],"When":[130],"gaps":[133],"state-of-the-art,":[136],"we":[137,163,180],"noted":[138],"there":[140],"no":[142],"naming":[143],"convention":[144],"macro":[146],"micro":[148],"categories":[149],"or":[150],"even":[151],"standard":[153,184,194],"set":[154],"should":[159],"be":[160,234],"Consequently,":[162],"formulated":[164],"question":[167],"regarding":[168],"metrics":[171,229],"benchmarks:":[176],"\"Why":[177],"do":[178],"not":[179],"have":[181],"an":[182],"benchmarks?\"":[190],"similar":[191],"ISO":[193],"industry.":[196],"conducted":[198],"deep":[200],"comparisons":[203],"covered":[206],"support":[212],"experts":[213],"building":[215],"global":[217],"hierarchy":[218],"future.":[223],"think":[225],"having":[227],"could":[233],"valuable":[235],"gain":[237],"more":[238],"insights":[239],"when":[240],"comparing":[241],"studied":[246],"different":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
