{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6967049864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.19593","title":"A Survey on Hypergame Theory: Modeling Misaligned Perceptions and Nested Beliefs for Multi-agent Systems","display_name":"A Survey on Hypergame Theory: Modeling Misaligned Perceptions and Nested Beliefs for Multi-agent Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6967049864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.19593"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.19593","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.19593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.19593","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Trencsenyi, Vince","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Trencsenyi, Vince","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mensfelt, Agnieszka","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mensfelt, Agnieszka","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Stathis, Kostas","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stathis, Kostas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.21950000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.21950000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.1800999939441681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.057999998331069946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6492000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realism","display_name":"Realism","score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory","display_name":"Theory","score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilevel-model","display_name":"Multilevel model","score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-dynamics","display_name":"System dynamics","score":0.29490000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6492000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5917999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543847140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642826","display_name":"Realism","level":2,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144701195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859910","display_name":"Theory","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53059260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel model","level":2,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77405623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598451","display_name":"System dynamics","level":2,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777031877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1308152","display_name":"Rational choice theory (criminology)","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189352744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971461","display_name":"Social choice theory","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.19593","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.19593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.19593","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.19593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Classical":[0],"game-theoretic":[1,124],"models":[2,41,173],"typically":[3],"assume":[4],"rational":[5],"agents,":[6],"complete":[7],"information,":[8],"and":[9,28,47,107,122,134,142,149,158,171,177,204,210,217,235],"common":[10],"knowledge":[11],"of":[12,42,64,91,94,169,180,195,200,237],"payoffs":[13],"-":[14,139,144],"assumptions":[15],"that":[16,39],"are":[17],"often":[18],"violated":[19],"in":[20,72,174,184,240],"real-world":[21],"MAS":[22,109],"characterized":[23],"by":[24,58],"uncertainty,":[25],"misaligned":[26],"perceptions,":[27],"nested":[29],"beliefs.":[30],"To":[31],"overcome":[32],"these":[33],"limitations,":[34],"researchers":[35],"have":[36,102],"proposed":[37],"extensions":[38,138],"incorporate":[40],"cognitive":[43],"constraints,":[44],"subjective":[45,62],"beliefs,":[46],"heterogeneous":[48],"reasoning.":[49],"Among":[50],"these,":[51],"hypergame":[52,95,132,202,229],"theory":[53,133,230],"extends":[54],"the":[55,65,80,167,178,192,198,233],"classical":[56],"paradigm":[57],"explicitly":[59],"modeling":[60,208,239],"agents'":[61],"perceptions":[63],"strategic":[66,238],"scenario,":[67],"known":[68],"as":[69],"perceptual":[70],"games,":[71],"which":[73],"agents":[74],"may":[75],"hold":[76],"divergent":[77],"beliefs":[78],"about":[79],"structure,":[81],"payoffs,":[82],"or":[83],"available":[84],"actions.":[85],"We":[86,111,187],"present":[87],"a":[88,128,224],"systematic":[89],"review":[90,222],"agent-compatible":[92],"applications":[93],"theory,":[96],"examining":[97],"how":[98],"its":[99,135],"descriptive":[100],"capabilities":[101],"been":[103],"adapted":[104],"to":[105,131,154,231],"dynamic":[106,241],"interactive":[108],"contexts.":[110],"analyze":[112],"44":[113],"selected":[114],"studies":[115],"from":[116],"cybersecurity,":[117],"robotics,":[118],"social":[119],"simulation,":[120],"communications,":[121],"general":[123],"modeling.":[125],"Building":[126],"on":[127],"formal":[129,201],"introduction":[130],"two":[136],"major":[137],"hierarchical":[140,170],"hypergames":[141],"HNF":[143],"we":[145],"develop":[146],"agent-compatibility":[147],"criteria":[148],"an":[150],"agent-based":[151],"classification":[152],"framework":[153],"assess":[155],"integration":[156],"patterns":[157],"practical":[159,185],"applicability.":[160],"Our":[161],"analysis":[162],"reveals":[163],"prevailing":[164],"tendencies,":[165],"including":[166,191],"prevalence":[168],"graph-based":[172],"deceptive":[175],"reasoning":[176],"simplification":[179],"extensive":[181],"theoretical":[182],"frameworks":[183],"applications.":[186],"identify":[188],"structural":[189],"gaps,":[190],"limited":[193],"adoption":[194],"HNF-based":[196],"models,":[197],"lack":[199],"languages,":[203],"unexplored":[205],"opportunities":[206],"for":[207,227],"human-agent":[209],"agent-agent":[211],"misalignment.":[212],"By":[213],"synthesizing":[214],"trends,":[215],"challenges,":[216],"open":[218],"research":[219],"directions,":[220],"this":[221],"provides":[223],"new":[225],"roadmap":[226],"applying":[228],"enhance":[232],"realism":[234],"effectiveness":[236],"multi-agent":[242],"environments.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-17T06:05:46.635709","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}